Transformative Leadership

Transformative Leadership in a Nonprofit Organization Yulanda Harris EDD8100 – Foundations of Educational Leadership and Management 1 April 21, 2013 Capella University Abstract A transformative leader is a leader who can bring about influential change in others. These leaders not only transform essential change, they change the way we think and act. Transformative leaders create practices and processes in organizations proactively. In addition, transformative leaders can be found at different levels in an organization.They can hold the title ranging from supervisor to executive director. This essay primarily focuses on the challenges faced by the Training & Development (T&D) Specialist, who is capable of helping to make essential changes and encourage transformational leadership at Presbyterian Villages of Michigan (PVM). Introduction The purpose of nonprofit organizations is to offer programs and services to assist the public. Presbyterian Villages of Michigan (PVM) is a fait h-based, nonprofit organization.PVM offers quality senior living housing and services, offering a wide range of residential service options including apartments, condominiums, assisted living, and skilled nursing care (Presbyterian Villages of Michigan, 2013). The ideal leadership style is that of a Servant Leader. According to Robert Greenleaf, servant leadership is a philosophy and set of practices that enriches the lives of individuals, builds better organizations and ultimately creates a more just and caring world (Greenleaf, 1991).In contrast or a more similarity practice, transformative leadership can transform organizational culture and influence job satisfaction of the employees. However, the supervisors and managers appear to be disengaged or a gap presents itself within the organization. Therefore, it was necessary to begin the journey of conducting research within the organization. As in the case of action research according to Joe Donaldson, the T&D specialist must have a particular perspective about what is going on within the organization (Donaldson & Francis, 2013). Developing Transformative Managers and SupervisorsTransforming the managers and supervisors is an ongoing process primarily because he or she have not had any formal training on leadership. Typically as adult learners, we bring knowledge, skills, and abilities from previous experiences to the learning environment (Wainright, York & Woodward, 2012). However, concerning the managers and supervisors at PVM they have very little experience of leadership to bring into the learning environment. They are very familiar with process and procedures therefore; this is what was predicated on their promotional opportunities with the organization.In other words they were promoted into their role base on their performance. However, they lack knowledge in the area focusing on behavioral matters and how to coach or develop the line staff. To begin the process of developing transformative leaders, the T&D specialist uses the ADDIE methodology to complete a valuation of the training needs of the organization to determine if training is the best result to address the issues of the lack of leadership among the managers and supervisors.It is critical to begin the process by asking questions that will develop their ability to initiate and manage change in their department along with developing creative approaches to support strong team leadership and growth. This will allow the managers and supervisors build cohesion among each other and improve upon organizational efficiency. The following are questions that are asked during the analysis phase utilizing the ADDIE methodology. 1. What motivations you to lead a team? 2. What are some challenges you have faced as a manager or supervisor? 3. How would you describe your leadership style? . What leadership characteristics do you value about yourself? 5. What challenges do you face in your day-to-day operations with your employees? 6. How would you describe your decision-making process. For example, when your staff comes to you with a problem, how do you come to a solution? The above questions cited the importance of empowering others, inspiring others, delegation, collaboration, mentoring others. If managers and supervisors are to become transformative leaders they must answer those questions (Lansford, Clements, Falzon, Aish & Rogers, 2010).The goal is to have managers and supervisors feeling capable of reaching the right decisions independently with the goal of possessing their team to feel good about their contributions. Furthermore, the T&D specialist is ensuring the mission and values of the organization will affect the managers and supervisors thinking and management style. As a result they will transform organizational culture and inspire job satisfaction of the employees. The managers and supervisors will need to form a good example, self-confidence and understand needs of the staff.This means they can motiv ate the staff by their actions and words, in addition to ensuring their loyalty to PVM. As a result new training programs are created to develop strategies where new competencies are being taught. This will allow managers and supervisors gain valuable insights and find new opportunities to align their job or career satisfaction and performance with the organization’s outcomes and success (Wainright, York & Woodward, 2012). References: Presbyterian Villages of Michigan. (2013). Welcome to Presbyterian Villages of Michigan! Retrieved from www. pvm. org Greenleaf, R. K. (1991). The servant as leader.Indianapolis, IN: The Robert K. Greenleaf Center. [Originally published in 1970, by Robert K. Greenleaf]. Retrieved from http://www. greenleaf. org/ Donaldson, J. , & Francis, B. (2013). Converstion about research. Retrieved from www. capella. edu Wainright, C. , York, G. , & Woodward, B. (n. d. ). A transformative framework for. (2012). The Journal of Health Administration Education , 40-70. Lansford, M. , Clements, V. , Falzon, T. , Aish, D. , & Rogers, R. (n. d. ). Essential leadership traits of female executives in the non-profit sector. (2010). The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 6(1), 51-62.

A Ideal Partner

To be able to completely trust your life on a simple word from your partner is a soul quality of admiration. A man that I know is going to be there for me through all the complexities that life puts forward, pleasant and not so pleasant no matter what the consequences. Women have consistently been recognized for their desire and style of communication, for the means of expressing emotions, frustrations, and information exchange. The quality of sincerity is one that can be the foundation of a life long relationship. Commitment is a quality that forsaking all other, you are faithful to your partner in life and life-eternal. The quality of integrity is one that I hold very high on my standards for a man. Each of these proceeding characteristics contributes to a man of desire. The reasoning that I firmly believe this is because I†tmve found my ideal partner in my husband. The definition of sincere is to be free from pretence in behavior or feelings, to be genuine and honest. A man can be compassionate towards his friends or family. Having a man whom you can count on wholeheartedly by his word is irreplaceable. For my partner to risk his life or surrender himself on my behalf would be of complete aspiration. The perfect companion that would be for myself would be a man of sincerity, integrity, compassion, and commitment. The qualities that intrigue me are not of material or superficial possessions, but internal contentment and confidence.

HIPPA Compliance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HIPPA Compliance - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that HIPAA Security Rule assigns the control and monitoring over Administrative Safeguards to a security officer, who responsibility is to develop and implement the policies and procedures (gap analysis, logs audit, etc). In addition, this measure is partially governed by  § 164.312 (a) of Security Rule, Technical Safeguards, that obligates entities to establish technical policies that grant access to electronic data only to authorized people and software. The second corrective action offered by Providence Health and Services which is to be implemented to improve off-site transport and storage of electronic data falls under  § 164.310 of Security Rule, Physical Safeguards, particularly  § 164.310 (d) containing procedures on media and hardware removal and transportation, and  § 164.310 (b and c), specifying workstations use and security, including physical safeguards for all workstations. Workstation access to information is to be lim ited strictly to the job description. Moreover, the use and disposal of various storage devices, such as disks, tapes, text messaging and camera cell devices must be documented. The third corrective step by Providence Health and Services, involving workforce training of the safeguards, falls under  § 164.308 (5), Administrative safeguards, which cover an implementation of a security awareness and training programs, including security reminders and updates, methods of protection from malicious software, login monitoring and password management. The training programs aim to stimulate awareness about the vulnerability of data within the electronic system.

Investigating Decision-Making Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investigating Decision-Making Methods - Essay Example Several decision-making strategies exist for such leaders and administrators. In considering which decision, making strategy to use at any particular time requires them to consider the specific public directly affected by the decision and the possible ramifications resulting from the target public’s reaction. As a school leader, Mr. Miller has several decision making strategies to consider o ensure that he makes relevant decisions that do not only safeguard the interests of the different communities but are ethical and perpetuate the moral development of the society at large. Among the strategies are simple prioritizing, satisficing and the pros and cons method. The simple prioritizing method dictates that a leader prioritizes effective by considering the pressing issues at a time. This way, the decisions they make redress the issues effectively thus providing them an opportunity to progress to other issues. Similarly, satisficing just like prioritizing demands that a leader c onsiders the alternatives presented by a scenario until they find the most appropriate. In determining the most appropriate alternative, one considers such factors as the moral and financial implications of the decision. Pros and cons just as the name suggests is a method that requires that leaders considers the positive and negative effects of the available alternative before taking an action. The method commands that the leader carries out adequate research and consultation to determine the effects of the decisions. Mr. Miller as a leader is likely to affect several people with the decisions he makes. It is therefore important that he find out the effects of such beforehand. It is only after finding out the probable effects that he makes a decision by ignoring the alternative that presents him with numerous negativities and selects an alternative with numerous positive effects. While the methods may sound numerous, they have similar structures and are effective in a democratic soc iety (Hill & Jones, 2011). As a school head, Mr. Miler must prove to the society that he is effective leader capable of making effectual decision and handle pressure. More importantly, Mr. Miller must take responsibility of the decision he makes. Taking responsibility is often one of the most difficult aspects of decision-making since some of such would include the negative outcomes of the decision like deteriorating performance or the misappropriation of the school funds. The three decision making strategies discussed above mitigate on the negativity of the outcome of the decision making process as the different publics contribute to the particular decision. Mr. Miller has managed to incorporate the community and different stakeholders to the school management by making inclusive decision. To sustain the relationship he has built with the different publics he must often consider his personality. Leadership relies on the personality, the subject rely on their leader for the moral an d psychological support. In the school setup, the rest of the staff and the collaborators would continue support the school despite its performance and outcome of the decisions only if Mr. Miller proves to be independent minded and inspiring. The good decision-making habits that Mr. Miller must possess include making decision under uncertainties. Different conditions present diverse challenges to the school ma

Hybrid Power System Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Hybrid Power System - Coursework Example The paper tells that the power system of choice which best suits this project is â€Å"Hybrid Power System†. This system employs combination of Off grid renewable energy technologies among which we are going to use a combination of Solar, Wind, Hydropower and for an emergency back up a gasoline/diesel generator is also provided. Hybrid power system is selected due to two reasons, firstly because it can be established off-grid to satisfy small demand of electricity and long distribution infrastructure can be avoided. Secondly as we are aware that none of the available sources of energy ie Solar,Wind or Hydropower are available continuously and change due to sunshine, high and low flow of wind and water, hence they cannot meet the base demand of the facility and have to be used intermittently. On a macro scale the Hybird system work in three phases, production, Power electronics and Consumption. The production is done by the Renewable Energy system, stored by batteries and in ca se of backup by generator. Then the Power Electronics regulates the supply and transmission of the power to the appliances where the load is required. To meet the base demand of 100KVa at a power factor of 1, thus energy requirement of 100KW we will include a system setup which will include three complete 20 kW solar panels. The photovoltaic systems that are available in the market are of 20kW, 50 kW and 100 kW and thus it has been concluded that three 20 KW panels are used. In case of failure of one, the system does not collapse completely. The next component in the Hybrid system’s energy input is the wind turbines. ... For which it is suggested that Volute axial flow water turbine generator is employed and several similar assemblies of this turbine is used for the production. It is calculated, that with Volute axial flow water turbine generator, a head of about 2 meters and flow of 85 liters/sec a power of about 1 KW can be generated. Where as in our case the flow of 1800 to 2500 liters/sec several similar assemblies can be installed.It can be concluded that about 25 KW energy can be generated by Hydropower. The picture, details, specifications and references of Volute axial flow water turbine generator are given in Appendix 3. Lastly the question arises that how is this whole system going to work as one and deliver the requirements. To explain the whole working of the Hybrid System the following flow diagram is presented which shows how the required AC current and load is produced and transmitted in the system. The figure shows how the AC main bus line is used to produce, store and then transmit t he load. This is the complete power system under consideration. 2. Explain the scientific principles involved in your choice of power system. The scientific principles involved in the individual power system are as follows. Solar Power System The solar energy depends on two things, firstly the solar radiance and secondly the nature of the PV cell materials. The PV cells have two types of materials p-type silicon and n-type silicon. When the light strikes the cell surface, it transmit energy and ionize the atoms in the silicon material, due to this there is development of internal fields and then a junction separates the positive and negative charges in the PV cell. The positive charges go into the P-Layer and the negative

Character analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Character analysis - Essay Example He was the 11th son of Jacob and was the favourite amongst his all sons. The entire and complete theme of Joseph’s story is given in Surah-e-Yusuf in the Quran. The character of Joseph is sketched as a young boy who is quiet, bashful, and courteous. He has the gifted quality of prophecy to interpret dreams. The story introduces Joseph’s dream about â€Å"eleven stars, the sun, and the moon which are in a position that are bowed before him†. He understands the meaning of this dream and was hesitating to inform his father about it due to his fear of being an audacious boy but soon he communicates with his father about this dream. He also interprets this dream as a message from God to Joseph to become the messenger of God and enlighten their family’s prophecy. The second part of the story was Joseph's brothers’ plot against Joseph, as they all abhorred him for being the favourite of their father. The character of Joseph’s brothers is described a s dark. They planned a conspiracy against Joseph and persuaded Jacob to grant them acceptance to take Joseph with them. Jacob granted them permission with affliction and on a condition that they had to keep an eye on him and to bring him back in absolute condition. However, Joseph’s brothers wended their plan and dropped Joseph into a well and left him there alone. Upon returning home, they came up with a lie told to their father that Joseph has been attacked by a wolf and showed to him a blood stained shirt as a proof of their calumny but their father did not believed them. While Joseph was extricated from the well by a caravan passing by and he was sold to a well off merchant named Aziz (Potiphar). Joseph’s character has been evaluated as a grown up person as a truthful, meek, innocent, and compliant person who distinguished well among virtuous and sin. He has been described as a very attractive and alluring man. While living as a slave at Potiphar’s place he was seduced by Potiphar’s wife but he constantly disdained her, as his character was pure and dignified. The Potiphar’s wife accused Joseph in front of the town for seducing her; due to this allegation, Joseph was sent to prison where another theme of story hits the line. In the prison, more shades of Joseph’s personality came into view as a preacher of God’s messages he appraised the prison-mates upon God’s belief and divinity when they came towards him asking for their dreams’ interpretation. Secondly, he has been appeared to have an adroit and intelligent personality who has the power to assure other men for his perspective of religious values and convictions. He assured them to interpret the meaning of their dreams and fulfilled his promises, which shows the trustworthy and honest shade of his character and he was testified by the two prison-men as a Muhsin. He had been a dignified and virtuous person all through which can be analyzed by the fact that he aggrandized prison life rather than being induced into sin. He possessed such spiritual powers that did not let his faith decline; instead, it enhanced and became unchallengeable with the time. A principal shade of his character as a truthful person can be evaluated when Joseph was informed by the king’s butler for interpreting the king’s dream and Joseph then acceded for interpreting the dream but he still preferred honor over sin which made it possible for him to stop conspiracy against him once he was freed from the prison by the order of the

A letter to the editor in the Wall Street Journal Essay - 6

A letter to the editor in the Wall Street Journal - Essay Example ts ahead of credit cards, I would like to bring to your attention my support and satisfaction towards the article and the author because I felt that it highlighted the reasons for that payment trend and was straight to the point. The payment of Mortgages before the credit card has been the normal way and has been in effect for a very long period of time, this is exactly what lenders expect from consumers. New information from TransUnion, which is a firm that deals with reporting credit related information, supports this stand that normal payment methods were back to effect at the end of the year 2013 due to a rise experienced in home values. The main findings from the research carried out shows strong links between the value of homes and payment behaviors. Further supporting this case is the findings that were published from all the fifty states in the United States which clearly point out that a decline in home values together with high unemployment rates saw borrowers skip mortgage payments but still make payments on their credit cards. There is an example of Nevada, between the years 2006-2009, where the value of houses went down by 57%. Borrowers were seen to skip making mortgage payments while staying true to credit card payments. It’s clear that people would be more willing to default on mortgage payments because foreclosure is not really an immediate problem. it involves a long process which takes months if not years. Credit card payments on the other hand would be hard to miss, by doing so the reaction would be immediate. Banks should therefore continue to ease standards on mortgages to the payments of mortgages ahead of credit

Assigment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assigment - Assignment Example The worst mediator for Ego and his wife however, would probably be his wife’s mother ‘Ubara’ because mediation is undertaken by males not females and ‘Ubara’ is associated to Ego by marriage; with no historical roots the relationship is considered as feeble. The most neutral mediator for Ego would more likely be Ego’s grandfather ‘Ubandu’ because grandparents have strong joking relationships with their grandchildren and ‘Ubandu’ is the male grandparent. It would not be wise and the outcomes would probably be negative if Ego and his wife were to go to a Western marriage counselor. According to Davidheiser (2), unlike American mediation, wherein an impartial third-party mediator is usual, the Mandinka operate with a more subjective relational mediator and the Ndake would do the same. American mediators are involved with the task of sifting out the underlying causal links to the conflict, while at the same time isolating people from the problem. Ego and his wife would be subjected to the Western ideology of conflict resolution and justice, which is in complete conflict to their own. Ndake like Mandinka mediators are more concerned with social order and good relations rather than the actual conflict and its causes; they do not concern themselves with mutual benefit or objective decision making and results, preferring instead to ignore the underlying issues in favor of forgiveness and continuing relationships. In other words, the result of a western marriage counselor would be the couple going separate ways with all assets divided equally in a win-win situation; the result of a Ndake mediator would more likely be Ego and his wife staying together in happiness. Q.2 Jewish humor, founded on satire and stereotypes is ‘alive and thriving’ Berger (xxiv). It does not however, invent the stereotypes or affronts it deals out but instead takes advantage of those already in circulation by manipulat ion and exploitation (Nilsen & Nilsen). Jewish humor emanates from within and among its own people to fill intellectual, social and emotional needs by mocking themselves along with everyone else around them. Although Jewish humor may appear funny it hides cunning and sometimes ingenious stratums, which when taken apart expose deeper underlying issues. It features an irony that is exclusive to the Jewish culture and by being a part of that culture the jokes contain even further meaning. Historically, the Jewish people have used their special brand of humor to deal the lot that life has bestowed them, including the adversities of Diaspora, the Holocaust and alienation. Freud (166-67 cited in Morris) remarked on the particular humor of the Jews, making comment on their preponderance of laughing at their own deficiencies; he further claimed that such humor may be both adverse and offensive, but when used in an adverse manner it is a form of defense. Most of the stories and jokes aimed a gainst particular aspects of Jewish life in the past have been invented by Jews themselves, and because of Jewish dispersion they have endured generations of marginalization and have thus a different view of the world. Self-denouncing and complimentary stories and jokes come from within the group as a means of survival and as Freud claimed, to acquire control of their humor by doing it before and better than non-Jews (Morris). During the holocaust Jewish humor was very much a defense mechanism used as a means of sur

Analysis and comparison of the presentation of the prologue Essay Example for Free

Analysis and comparison of the presentation of the prologue Essay The prologue is the introduction, which gives an overview of the play. It tells us what happens at the end of the play, in this case in Romeo and Juliet it is told in the introduction, for example the lines, a pair of star-crossd lovers take their life, doth with their death bury their parents strife. These two lines say that Romeo and Juliet both deep in love with each other, die at the end of the play, the reason being that their parents hated each other. It also sets the scene of Fair Verona and it explains the contents of the play, Two households, and break to new mutiny. The prologue is said by the chorus. This means it is an idea of a group of people taken from ancient Greek tradition. The prologue does not introduce the audience to the characters in the play; it just talks briefly about the events within the play. A prologue at the beginning of a play is a style commonly used by Shakespeare to open up a play. It is also common that Shakespeare uses the use of a sonnet to produce the prologues. A sonnet always has fourteen lines in total. It is a very precise piece of poetry. The rhyme scheme is very tight and controlled- a,b,a,b,c,d,c,d,e,f,e,f,g,g. They consist of three quatrains with a final rhyming couplet. It is very controlled, yet very subtle. You would tend to notice the story telling first and then later realise that it is a poem with rhythm. There are ten syllables in each line, a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. It is self consciously dramatic. It emphasises its purpose in telling the story, Is now the two hours traffic of our stage. It directly tells the audience to pay attention, The which if you with patient ears attend, what here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend, and the play will develop from what the prologue has been revealing. In Franco Zefirellis production of Romeo and Juliet, the prologue is very brief and short. The film starts off with the details, the opening credits. The font to the credits is in white and in a quite gothic style of writing making it fit in with the traditional theme. While the details are slowly appearing on the screen, around the screen there is a thin border of orange geometric shapes on a yellow background. As the border is so bright and colourful, it is able to immediately catch the audiences eyes and therefore grabs their attention. The border suggests a very sixties styles. You would probably expect a more formal, dark edged kind of border. A soft and slow melody played on a harpsichord plays quietly in the background. The effect that Zefirelli tries to create here is to create a nice calm beginning to the play. In shot one, you can see the camera panning over the city of Fair Verona and slightly out of focus. The light is blue and hazy, gradually brightening up as the camera pans, suggesting that it is dawn. The colour of the light in the sky shining over the city, creates a dreamy and peaceful effect, and adds to the beauty of the city that is being shown. You could only just make out the tops of tall buildings and churches at first, but as it gradually gets lighter, the buildings and other features become more into focus. The rooftops of houses, church spires and a river are seen clearly. You are able to feel the quietness of the city in the early morning, which again gives the effect of the city being very calm and peaceful. The camera pans round the whole city, and then moves up towards the sun and stop with the sun being directly in the middle of the screen shot. The sun suggests the hot foreign climate of a hot foreign country, such as Italy. Shakespeares name appears when the camera has stop panning and focused on the sun. All of this equals one continuos shot. The panning is slow, and the brightening of the day is slow, creating a slow pace to the shot. It gives me the impression of a slow climax to the prologue, getting more and more intense as it goes along, and stopping at the sun gives me the impression that it represents the end, with an either tragic end or a very happy end. I think that it is trying to relate to the whole play itself, with the gradual climax with an intense ending. Throughout shot one, the speaker slowly recites the prologue in a poetic style. He speaks slowly going with the steady flow of the slow motion of the panning of the camera, so that it would not effect the backgrounds creation of peace. The speaker of the prologue is a man whose voice is gentle, soothing and rhythmic as he echoes the prologue. He still speaks when going into the second shot. Shot two is of a medieval courtyard. In front of the courtyard there is the city wall with battlements made of stone and brick, which gives the impression of the setting being in the medieval times. The camera stops moving and shows the shot of the courtyard while the speaker finishes reciting the prologue. As he completes his speech of the prologue, the camera moves slightly round to the left, which shows that where the camera is next to the city wall, it is also one of the ends of a busy marketplace. The suns golden bright morning light shines over the city wall and through the street of the marketplace, representing that it is the start of a new day. The sound of the hustle and bustle of a busy marketplace gradually builds up and the first act of the first scene begins there. This effect is to bring in the play with a more calm start and not rushing into the play with a different shot, bringing the audience into a slow and calm beginning. Zefirelli does not create any huge special effects. The title of the play, Romeo and Juliet appears as the speaker says the words star-crossed lovers. Zefirellis purpose of having the title and the words star-crossed lovers coming up at the same time, is to reinforce visually and aurally the main point of the play that it is a tragic story about the lovers Romeo and Juliet. Baz Luhrmanns version of the prologue is done in much more detail and is emphasised a huge amount more. Luhrmann tries to grab the attention of the audience with very fast moving screen shots and very lively music. The first shot that comes up on the screen is of a TV with a blank screen, and the distance between the camera and the TV is very far, making the TV look very small in the distance. The first sound is the fuzziness of a TV, and then on the screen of the TV, the opening credits are displayed on white tiles with a black background. The contrast between the colours gives a very sharp effect. This gives a very different first effect on the audience compared to Zefirellis opening shot. Luhrmanns first shot of the bold white tiles with a black background, gets the audiences attention straight away. After the credits, a female newsreader appears on the TV screen, and she reads aloud the prologue. She says the prologue like reading aloud a news report rather than in a poetic sonnet way. This makes the prologue subtle and it makes the audience think twice before realising that it is the prologue that she is saying. The subtle speaking of the prologue differs with Zefirellis make of the prologue being obvious to opening up the film. Beside the newsreader in the background, there is a small picture with some text underneath it. As the camera is in the far distance, it makes it hard to see what the picture and text are, which makes the audience wonder what it is. While the newsreader is saying the prologue, the camera subtly zooms in directly towards the screen, and the picture in the corner gradually comes into focus. The picture is of a broken ring with the text underneath it saying Star crossd lovers. The symbolism of the broken ring is that the lovers end up being torn away from each other. After the newsreader says the twelfth line of the prologue, the camera suddenly picks up speeds and zooms right into the TV screen, through a high street. At the same time the words, Fair Verona constantly flashes up in white with a black background. From the zooming, it has merged from one background into another. This sudden pick up of speed would as if wake up the audience and shocking them as the screen had suddenly gone from one shot to another. This is very unlike Zefirellis presentation of the prologue, as he keeps his prologue simple and calm all the way through, whereas Luhrmann uses the effect of zooming and flashing words up creating a dramatic scene. The reason of flashing the words, Fair Verona while the camera rushes down the high street, is to make the audience understand the comparison and realise exactly how fair Verona really is in his version of the film. It shows a decaying urban landscape contradicting fair Verona. The font style of the writing is bold like Arial, and is in block capitals, making it clear to the audience what it says. In Zefirellis, as the camera pans over the city, you can see that Verona is very pretty and fair, as the prologue says it is. As the camera reaches the end of the street, the camera is suddenly focused on the face of a statue, which was far in the distance from where the zooming into the street began. Very dramatic music starts to be played loudly, which produces a bigger effect on grabbing the audiences attention. The camera then pulls back to view the tops of two corporate buildings with the statue in the middle. The buildings have big signs on the top of them. They are the names of the two households, Capulet and Montague. They are in different colours, Capulet in red and Montague in blue. The differences in the colours emphasise the difference between the two. The effect of having the statue splitting the two buildings up is to make the point clear, that the two households need something or someone to keep them apart to avoid causing major trouble in the city, as they absolutely despise each other. The statue shown actually represents Jesus Christ. It is Jesus Christ who is trying to control the families and bringing some peace to the city. In Zefirellis version, the point that the two families cannot stand each other is not emphasised. As the prologue is said in the same tone and way all the way through and the pictures are just of how fair Verona is, does not give a definite and clear point that the two households are major enemies. Luhrmann makes it visual to the audience, the hate between the two families. The next part of the introduction to Luhrmanns production of Romeo and Juliet, is of a rapid chain of clips from one to the other including clips of police cars with VBPD on the side of them standing for Verona Beach Police Department. This is shown to tell the audience that this is Verona Beach and not fair Verona. The chain of clips also includes clips of helicopters, clips of the disaster from different viewpoints, some far up in the sky, some close up to casualties who were injured, and the damage done to the city by this one disaster brought up because of the hate between the Capulets and the Montagues. The disaster is emphasised in this rapid succession of clips, to stress how much damage can be caused by one incident done by the two families. It also makes the audience think and imagine if this one incident caused so much damage, the amount of damage that they probably had done to the city in the past and what would be done in the future. The prologue is said once again while another variety of images using other media of newspaper articles and magazine covers appear. This time, the prologue is said by a character whom is actually in the play, referring to how the prologue is traditionally said by the chorus. The character who speaks the prologue is Friar Lawrence, and he says it in a poetic way, and this time the rhythm of a sonnet is emphasised. A man with a soft, gentle and low voice speaks the prologue like it is in Zefirellis production. This is one similarity that the two productions have. As he speaks, some words of the prologue is emphasised by magazine headlines appearing, using the effect of spinning one on top of the other. The headlines include New Mutiny and Civil Blood Makes Civil Hands Unclean. These headlines are to tell the audience and remind them the symbolism and reasoning behind each word in the prologue. There is also a faint background of burning flames when these headlines appearing as if showing the damage done. The images however, some are of like modern day newspapers and magazines. The camera slowly pans through a rack of different covers, and the headline of each newspaper and magazine are all referring to the feud caused between the two households, emphasising that they produce big issues in the city. Other images in this group of images include police taking charge of the situation in a live kind of view, showing how fast the police and other services had to respond to reduce the risk of more damage happening. The police and fire departments had to work into the night with the clearing up of the situation. This is known as the images are taken from broad daylight into the dark night. These images give the audience a visual understanding of how bad it is of the two households hating each other, which can cause so many innocent people in the city to be harmed. As the speaking of the prologue comes to an end, with the two lines A pair of star crossd lovers, take their life with the lines shown in white writing on a black background. This effect by now would be recognised by the audience by now as it had been used before to state the words Fair Verona. This effect of repeating jogs the audiences memories reminding them again and again the importance of the lines in the prologue. As the prologue stops being spoken, the same dramatic music becomes loud again. Each of the main characters are shown one by one with a pause on each with the text describing who each of the characters are and how they are either related to Romeo or Juliet or what the purpose of the character is in the film. This presentation of the character echoes the style of how it was done in famous program called Dallas. In Zefirellis version, the characters were not introduced and the film got right into the first scene once the prologue was spoken. A shot of Romeo looking through the narrow gap of a door appears, and then the camera immediately changes its angle to show what he see, which is a church aisle with blue neon crosses and candles. The angles that these two shots were taken were both through a narrow opening of the door. The first shot was taken from the inside of the church looking at Romeo, the man standing outside the door, and the second shot was taken from the outside of the door looking into the church. It emphasises what Romeo had seen, which the audience can assume is Juliet lying on the alter at the end of the aisle, Romeo thinking that she had really died. It also symbolises with that it was the conclusion and the end, viewing Romeo and the crosses, show that they were linked together and producing the idea of death. There was one more series of fast moving clips and a rush of lines as a final wind up to the prologue. There are a variety of different clips of things that happen from the beginning of the play to the end. The repeating of the clips again and again produce permanent images into the minds of the audience. The prologue ends with the words take their life and move onto the first act. The words take their life are stated to tell the audience that the story line would conclude with something relevant to it. I think that it is a new technique Luhrmann has used. He uses the technique of grabbing the attention of the audience and makes them concentrate. The prologue being reinforced by being presented for the third time, does not makes the audience get bored and tire of the clips being seen and seen again, but make them more excited about the film. I think that both Zefirelli and Luhrmann were trying to represent Romeo and Juliet in a different way, with different techniques. The prologue was of course interpreted differently. Zefirelli presented the prologue in his production in a gentle and calm way all the way through giving the audience a good idea of the peace and beauty of Verona. Luhrmann of course presented the prologue in a different way, almost a complete contrast to what Zefirelli did. He changed Fair Verona into urban sprawled Verona. I think that the presentations of the prologue were both appropriate for their interpretations because Zefirelli wanted to keep his production of Romeo and Juliet original and alike Shakespeare. Luhrmann wanted to interpret the play into something slightly more modern and unlike Shakespeares original version. In Luhrmanns production he emphasised the complications between the two households and the alterations he had made to the film, like how he set his production in an urban city and called it Verona Beach instead of setting it in the original city of Verona in Italy.

Taking Care of Earth Essay Example for Free

Taking Care of Earth Essay One story about water pollution that might have caught the attention of the world is the one put into the movie, Erin Brokovich. The link to the introduction of this story can be found on the following address: http://www. lawbuzz. com/famous_trials/erin_brockovich/erin_brockovich_ch1. htm. The story, which really happened in real life, is more on the litigation process but the truth and the cause of it is the pollution of water with hexavalent chromium or chromium 6 causing stomach cancer. This problem, which was caused by Pacific Gas and Electric company, would have been prevented if it had not dumped 370 ,000,000 galloons of the cancer-causing chemical in the water. These problems are actually being handled at the present on similar situations. Companies become more aware and put environmental aspect on their goals which is both good for the public and for the health of the business itself.. 2. The greatest problem that is caused by the use of oil and other fossil fuels is â€Å"GREED†. With greed, anything is possible. Humans are capable of killing each other to take control of oil wells, take over â€Å"oily† nations and the worst, humans, to have big profits from oil, do not think of the pollution it causes, especially to air and water. It also damage the habitat of ocean creatures when the oil is to be â€Å"rigged† and extracted. Without oil, no one would be too greedy to have it. 3. 1. Growing population causes loss of biodiversity. Biodiversity loss are caused by human settlements displacing plants and animals. Forests are converted into human villages; lands for plants and woods are converted into cities and real estates; dynamite fishing kills water species to provide for human consumption. On the other hand, to feed the growing world, agriculture must be enhanced. Genetic engineering and biotechnology, which are the processes needed for improving food production, cause much loss to biodiversity. â€Å"Agriculture is considered by some agro-ecologists to be probably the single most important factor contributing to the general global decline in biodiversity. † (Biodiversity Loss and Public NA) 3. 2 Ecosystem gets destroyed and becomes imbalanced caused by too many humans on earth. Humans must interfere with the natural ecosystem in order to survive and to support the growing number of lives on earth. Humans cause â€Å"genetic erosion† on plants and animal when humans force greater production and greater frequency of hatching to gain money and feed the earth’s population. 3. 3 Too much population causes too much pollutants. One element that makes the climate change on the earth is the imbalance of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is emitted by pollution and other human activities. Although carbon dioxide is the biggest cause of greenhouse effect, water vapor and methane also cause climate change. Thus, more humans, more garbage, more incinerators, more gases, more climate change damaging the earth.. To reduce the above mentioned effects of growing population on earth, humans must think of sustainable way to exist and to â€Å"continue to exist. † This means reducing pollutants, garbage, protecting the environment and conserve any natural resources possible. This means no dumping garbage or candy wrappers in the drain, recycling of used motor oil, recycling water and everything recyclable, turning off lights and other electrical appliances when not needed. This may sound a bit difficult for the humanity (because humans are not very disciplined) but if humans would encounter big risks on harming the environment, sooner or later, they will realize what is best to do to continue to live on this earth. Sustainable agriculture, sustainable consumption would mean sustainable life on earth! Reference Biodiversity Loss and Public Health;. Manila Bulletin 18 Mar. 2007: NA. Questia. 22 May 2008 http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5019892773.

Value Engineering Management Executive Summery Construction Essay

Value Engineering Management Executive Summery Construction Essay Value Management is structured and systematic process of team based decision making and professional team may involve to the workshop by decision making as per the current situation, condition or issue. VE is a speculated cost control techniques performed by an independent group of experienced professionals. The technique involves an intensive, systematic and creative study to reduce cost while enhancing reliability and performance. Most of investors enthusiastic to have best value for their investment by implementing Value management/ engineering process, through life cycle of the projects. As a result of unstable world economy and political conditions, Al Maya Resident Complex project (Including with 25 no stories and car park in three story basement) client was unable to find necessary funds required for the project. Therefore the cost of construction should reduce as much as possible. Hence it is necessary to carry out a value engineering workshop to find out possible ways to reduce the cost of construction by maintaining the required level of quality, performance and functional requirement. ACKNOWLEDGMENT INTRODUCTION Value Management is well established methodology which can use for maximizing the value for money. Value management strategies can apply at any stage of the life cycle (project from inception to the demolition) of a project. By applying value management strategies since the conception stage of a project, the client will be able to achieve a better value for his investment (money) by providing required level of quality, performance and all necessary functions. The client can carry out Value management / engineering work shops while construction is ongoing also by considering market conditions, economy conditions, political conditions, environmental conditions etc to seek better value for money by finding alternative methods, do changes as necessary etc. MAIN BODY DISCUSSION What Is the Value Engineering/ Value Management? Concept of Value Engineering When study about concept of VE, Lawrence Miles who is the founder of VE in 1940s a purchase engineer with the  General Electric Company  (G. E. C). Miles observed that many of the alternates were providing equal or better performance at a lower cost and from this changed the first definition of value engineering, as per the article of WBDG National Institute of Building Sciences by Scott Cullen (12-15-2010). Value Management Process Value Management is structured and systematic process of team based decision making and professional team may involve to the workshop by decision making as per the current situation, condition or issue. There are few stages in decision making such as; Information phase. Objective phase. Functional analysis phase. Creativity phase. Evaluation phase. Development phase. Reporting and recommendation phase. What Is the different of VE and VM? VE Consider from a tactical point of view, VM consider from the strategic point of view. In simple terms VM address WHY? And VE address HOW? What Is the Value Engineering? The Value Engineering for Wastewater Treatment Works of USA- EPA, noted in it, VE is a speculated cost control techniques performed by an independent group of experienced professionals. The technique involves an intensive, systematic and creative study to reduce cost while enhancing reliability and performance. Why Is it used? To establish the best design alternatives for Projects. To reduce unnecessary cost on the Projects. To improve quality, increase reliability and availability, and customer satisfaction. To improve schedule. To reduce risk. To identify problems and develop recommended solutions. Generally value engineering process can be apply at any point/ phase in a project, However, usually if use in early stage of the project life cycle, will have sufficient benefits on investment. There are three main stages of VEs application, those are describing as below. Planning Phase Planning stage is pre-study preparation phase of VE; there are additional benefits to be resulted from a Value Engineering Workshop. Therefore independent team can be: Review the program. Perform a functional analysis of the facility. Obtain the owner/users definition of value. Define the key criteria and objectives for the project. Verify/validate the proposed program. Review master plan utility options, Offer alternative solutions. Verify if the budget is adequate. Graph showing the potential savings from VE applications Graph 1.1 VE application This graph shows very clear VE benefits of VE application furthermore. (Extracted from Value Engineering for Wastewater Treatment Works of USA- EPA) VE Workshop Phase This is the most important phase of the VE process, generally address as VE workshop, required at least one workshop, typically 40- hour workshop session. As well as, client and designer whom they are decide the location as convenient of them. The first step is prepare of agenda including; Introduction, Briefing of value engineering, Presentation of Project design by project designer, Outline of the project Constrains, Question by VE team members for the designer, Methodology and Approach There are particular identify five-step during the actual Workshop of job plan of the VE study, as prescribed by article of Value Engineering; by Scott Cullen in WDBG program. Information Phase The Value management facilitator gives brief explanation to all participants about the value management process, project and study objectives; roles and rules of the exercise. Information about the project objectives, critical issues and constraints identified at the Strategic Diagnosis meeting, etc. Speculation (Creative) Phase Collecting of creativity ideas from each team member and analyze them to identify which idea is worthy, which one should improve to use, which one not worthy or additional study required to evaluate, etc. Judgment (Evaluation) Phase By evaluating all creativity ideas with cost benefits etc the decision making team will take the final decision about each idea / proposal to incorporate to the final report. Development Phase (Value Management Proposals) In this phase VE team prepare alternative designs with capital and life cycle cost comparison of original design and proposed alternative. And all recommendation supplements with written descriptions, sketches, basic technical information and cost summaries. Presentation Phase (Report/Oral Presentation) In this phase VE team present the summery of it s finding to the owner and designers, explaining the basic ideas of alternatives. Post Work shop phase The Value management Facilitator prepares and presents a report for key stake holders of the project which includes Summary of each phase, decisions made and actions to be taken, alternative methods and materials etc. which provide a complete audit trail. Then client and designers will consider the VE recommendations. Value Engineering Workshop Report of Al Maya Residential Complex Project Introduction This Dubai base multi story residential Complex project; Client is a one of the reputed experienced person in the Construction industry. According to the requirement of the client, he anticipate to reduce the unnecessary cost in the project if available, without touching or disturbing to the original quality, value of the project that planned at the began. This workshop was held in client office and all expenditure bared by client as own budget. Hence Value management and value engineering workshops are conducted according to the following principles: The workshop is held to reduce the cost of the project. All participants are stakeholder of the project. All participants take part and are able to put forward ideas and suggestions. The study was facilitated by Mr. Susan Ali and Mr. Smith De Silva of Sullivan of PMP Pty Ltd in accordance with the requirements of AS/NZS 4183:1994 (Value Management). Project details Type of the project Al Maya Resident Complex including with 25 no stories and car park in three story basement. Participants Client Mr./Ms Al Suwahdi Mohomad Civil Engineer (Contractor) ASCON Construction LLC Project Manager- ALEC Project Management LLC Architect- Design Group LLC MEP Designer- ASCON Construction LLC Quantity Surveyor- TEAMS Consultant LLC Safety Manger- ASCON Construction LLC Value Engineer Team- PMP Value Management LLC Location of the Project Zone 452/5, Block No.115, Emirate garden, Al Kahweenj, Dubai Duration of Construction 24 Months (18 Months remaining for Construction) Agreed Cost of the Contract AED 30.5 million agreed sum Current Issue Reduction of Unnecessary construction cost of the Proposed Resident Complex project through without touching or disturbing the required level of quality, functions and value due to lack of allocated finance. Agenda of Value Engineering Workshop Project: Al Maya Resident Complex including with 25 nos stories and car park in three story basement. Subject: Reduction of Unnecessary construction cost of the Project due to lack of allocated finance. Location: On 12th Nov. 2012 at the Park Building, Dubai. One day basis No. Events Person From To 1. Introduction Clients representative 9.00 am 9.15am 2. Briefing of VE VE Team leader 9.15 am 9.45am 3. Presentation of the Project details Designers 9.45am 10.15am 4. Tea Break 10.15am 10.30am 5. Outline the Project constrain Project Manager 10.30am 11.00am 6. Questions by Value Manger VE member 11.00am 12.00pm 7. Lunch 12.00pm 12.30pm 8. Information Phase VE member 12.30pm 1.30pm 9. Speculation Phase VE member 1.30pm 2.00pm 10. Judgment Phase All Individual members (VE members) 2.00pm 3.00pm 11. Development Phase VE member 3.00pm 3.30pm 12. Tea Time 3.30pm 3.45pm 13. Presentation Phase 3.45pm 4.30pm The VE workshop This Value Engineering Workshop occurred according to the five-stage of job plan that recommended by New Zealand standard (AS/NZS 4183: 1994). The aim of this value Engineering workshop consist of identifying unnecessary cost, developing alternatives, enabling decisions to be made without touching or disturbing the required level of quality, functions and value. Information phase Particularly in this phase of the workshop, client shared relevant information with workshop members, mainly objective of the workshop to ready all participant for ask questions, begin to develop ideas and suggestions and challenge ideas already on the table. The ideas are being to promote innovative alternatives and ideas that may lead to better value outcomes for the project. All participant were presented they ideas asking question at this stage therefore this very important stage of the VE workshop for clearly make understand of the objective further. Client Agent He explained the project background and objectives for all participants clearly, and his expectation getting of workshop finally as unnecessary cost reduction of the project without touching or disturbing the project original scope. Civil Engineer He explained the existing situation of construction and agreed with some proposals given by VE team. Such as local made sanitary fittings and accessories, wall floor tiles, etc. due all make under UK standards Project Manager He explained possibility of mange for all ideas Architect He very much concerned about change of tile and local made sanitary items, eventually, he satisfy and explain those are under similar quality of original design. MEP Designer He explained the possibility of change of lighting system inside the all room without harm to the original quality and value. Quantity Surveyor He explained cost effective for all participant ideas, Safety Manger He explained concerning the safety side for all new ideas, potential incident in future as well as some changes by recommended. Value Engineer Team They explained the their proposals Speculative phase This step of the VE workshop concerned developing creative ideas, the VE team trace all possible methods of providing the required functions within the project at a lower cost to the owner, many of the ideas were generated during the function analysis by detraining the worth of Collecting of creativity ideas from each team member and analyze them to identify which idea is worthy, which one should improve to use, which one not worthy or additional study required to evaluate, etc. Hence, all ideas given by the Value engineering team are as follows, and also the Quantity Surveyor provided possible cost saving by each idea. N Specified work items in Contract Proposed Ideas Comments Original Cost Proposed Cost Potential Savings 1. Important sanitary fittings and bath room accessories UK made as specified. locally made Similar quality instead of import from UK Cost saving, not effect to the quality. AED 4.2 million AED 3.1 million AED 0.9 million 2. 9 cement blocks for internal walls. 4 cement block for internal walls. Cost saving and not change the quality. AED 8.5 million AED 6.1 million AED 1.5 million 3. 100 Lux Normal Incandescent Lights bulbs for all rooms and out sides 100 Lux energizer bulbs instead of specified Incandescent Lights bulbs. Cost saving but the change will effect to the appearance AED 11.0 million AED 8.0 million AED 1.0 million 4. Cast in-suit concrete floor and guard wall of Car park. Precast concrete for car park floor slab and guard walls. Cost saving Possible time. AED 5.5 million AED 5.5 million 5. Electrical panel boards and accessories units import from UK. Electrical panel boards and accessory units should import from china instead of UK made. Cost saving and might not high standard with compare of UK made. AED 10.0 million AED 10.0 million 6. 9 inch thick internal block wall as specified. For all 9 inch brick internal wall should be changed to 4 inch block walls. Cost saving, AED15.0 million AED15 million All participants were noted down the ideas but not judge them at this stage. Later in the workshop all participants would be given the opportunity to judge all proposals for worth and assess whether can be implemented to archive the aim of the VE workshop, hence at the Judgment Phase each of the ideas was evaluated for worth. JUDGEMENT PHASE In this phase the whole group judged the speculative ideas for merit; the purpose being to identify ideas that are likely to reduce cost of the project. Evaluation The following table lists the ideas submitted by participants and they were evaluated in accordance with the following rating system: Each Idea has rated by each participant as how it is effecting to the time, cost and quality of the project. Then it is possible to put rates at the opportunity column according to the given points by professionals. Then the Value Engineering Coordinator can select which proposal should develop, which proposal should reject and also which proposal can directly push for the action, etc. Company: PMP Value Management LLC. Project: Al Maya Residential Complex Project,( 25 storey and Car park in basement) Held on : 05-10-2012 Table of Impact of VE workshop Summary No Description Impact Opp. Action Remarks T C Q 1. Locally made Similar quality instead of import from France made sanitary fittings accessories. 5 5 4 5 A Cost saving 2. 4 cement block for internal walls. 5 4 5 5 A Cost saving 3. 100 Lux energizer bulbs instead of specified Incandescent Lights bulbs. 5 3 3 4 R Effect to Appearance 4. Precast concrete for car park floor slab and guard walls. 5 5 5 5 D To be identify possible areas 5. Electrical panel boards and accessory units should import from china instead of UK made. 3 5 4 4 A Cost saving but should order again 6. For all 9 inch brick internal wall should be changed to 4 inch block walls. 3 5 5 5 A Cost saving but design to be done back Code of Rating Opp = Opportunity, Impact= T Time, C Cost, Q Quality Rating of Impact = 1 Possible/Low, 5-Very Possible/High Action=A (Accept), D (Develop), R (Reject) This identified ideas with the potential of cost saving or improvements to the project shall be identified for further development under development phase. DEVELOPMENT PHASE In this phase participants have the opportunity to make specific recommendations and proposals based on outcomes of the earlier phases. Workshop outcomes and a specific action plan are also produced pending the post workshop report. EVALUATION OF THE PROPOSAL The proposal was supported by participants because it: Support to local traders, Improves efficiency of lighting system, Provides safety of workmanship during the construction, Provides an alternative energy savings, and environmental safe. Issues that detract from the proposal It requires more evaluation for life cycle cost of maintain period and functioning, as well as it does not include infrastructures work review. CONCLUSION/ RECOMMENDATION Value Management strategies can apply for any stage of any project. It is very much use full to apply Value Engineering/ Management strategies since the connectional stage of a project. Also these strategies can be applying to any project till the demolition phase its, thus for the life cycle of the project. Any client can have a great value for his investments by applying Value management/ engineering strategies for his/ her investment. It is highly recommended to carry out the proposals which proposed by the vale management team and also it is highly recommended to carry out further value management workshops to find out further more possible ways to reduction the construction cost.

Free Essays On Shakespeares Sonnet 153 :: Sonnet essays

Analysis of Sonnet 153 Cupid laid by his brand and fell asleep. A maid of Dian's this advantage found, And his love-kindling fire did quickly steep In a cold valley-fountain of that ground; Which borrow'd from this holy fire of Love A dateless lively heat, still to endure, And grew a seething bath which men yet prove Against strange maladies a sovereign cure. But at my mistress' eye Love's brand new fir'd, The boy for trial needs would touch my breast. I, sick withal, the help of bath desir'd, And thither hied, a sad distemper'd guest; But found no cure: the bath for my help lies Where Cupid got new fire-my mistress' eyes. This and the next sonnet both share the theme of love through Cupid. The conceit is not new, for it has been found in many poems. One example is from an epigram of Marianus Scholasticus from Henri Estienne's edition to which the theme is shared: "Under these plane trees Eros was resting, held in gentle sleep, having given his torch to the nymphs to take care of. 'What are we waiting for?' said the nymphs to one another. 'If only we could quench together with this same fire in human hearts!' But as the torch set the water also on fire, since then the love-nymphs pur hot water into the bath." Speculation remains as to whether Shakespeare is the author of these two sonnets, but it has never been proven successfully. The source for these sonnets, whoever the autheor, still remains unknown, but I suppose the scholars who diespel Shakespeare's authorship do so on the grounds of it being fairly simple in context, that is, there is not too much ambiguity. Due to the simplicity, I will do a brief paraphrase of the three quatrains and the couplet. 1st: 'Cupid falls asleep and one of Diane's maids (known for her chastity) tried to extinquish Cupid's fire in a pool of water'; 2nd: 'The maid borrowed an endless, lusty fire, which still goes on to this day, and provided [to her dismay] a bath of healing properties'; 3rd: '(Cupid) would curiously touch my heart (leading me to stray towards lust), unless I am in the sight of my lover, because of the "Love's brand" being newly fired [started].

Free Argumentative Essays: Euthanasia is Inhuman :: Physician Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia is Inhuman A subject that has been disputed more ever since medical technology has dramatically improved is Euthanasia. Euthanasia is assisted suicide, or it could be ending a patience's suffering by letting him die. Medical technology is advancing so fast euthanasia is not needed to be a practice in today's society. Moreover, it is inhuman and against the law. Many people with incurable diseases have thought about euthanasia. Their families do not want them to go through the pain any longer. One reason why these families should not consider euthanasia is because medical technology is advancing at an alarming rate. Diseases can be cured now that could not have been cured just a few years ago. The way things are going technology would probably find a cure for the patience's illness in the near future. Families or individuals thinking about euthanasia should get all the facts first about the research being done on the particular illness that has invaded a member of their family. Think twice before making any serious decisions. Euthanasia is an inhuman way of taking care of a difficult problem. Some people might say that it is inhuman to have someone suffer through the pain of his or her illness. Many of the families have a harder time dealing with the pain than the actual victim does. The families would like to ease their own pain along with the victim's pain. It is not inhuman to keep someone alive as long as humanly possible. If a cure is found, then the victim could possibly go on to live a long life. It would be inhuman to not let the victim have the chance to live the rest of his life. A human life is the most beautiful thing on the face of the earth or anywhere, and people should be given a chance to experience the beauty as long as possible. Some people want to die for one reason or another. These people go to someone and ask him or her to help them die. Most of the victims of diseases that would result in them wanting to die are in an unstable condition and are not fit to make these major decisions. A paper I read off the internet said "Contrary to the assumptions of many in the public, a

Winning the Micro-War: Prevention and New Drugs

Humans are engaged in a â€Å"micro-war† with bacteria, and we are losing.   Bacteria represent one of the most adaptable organisms on the planet primarily due to their propensity for adopting genetic mutations.As with all evolutionary mechanisms, most mutations are either harmful or neutral; they do not provide a comparative advantage to the mutated organism.   Other times, however, a mutation will counteract a new and damaging environmental pressure and the organism will become well-equipped to survive and pass on its genes.This is precisely the problem with antibiotic resistance in bacteria: human antibiotics present a new environmental pressure to the highly-adaptable micro-organisms, and some develop an ability to survive through mutation.   That threat is magnified by the horizontal spreading of resistance through plasmid transfer and replication (â€Å"Extending the Cure†).   To mitigate the threat of antibiotic resistant bacteria, three paths must be pur sued: prevention and development of new drugs.Because antibiotic resistance arises primarily as an evolutionary response to environmental pressure, antibiotic resistance can be avoided by minimizing the introduction of antibiotics and using them only when truly needed.   When antibiotics were first introduced, they were seen as a panacea—and rightly so, as they quickly and effectively treated diseases that had previously been deadly and widespread (Lewis, FDA).Unfortunately, however, this enthusiastic adoption of antibiotics has led to a dangerous over-reliance on their use.   For example, many dermatologists not only prescribe antibiotics for mild acne, but they also make the mistake of frequently rotating between antibiotic types.   As the data show on the Essential Biology website, rotation does not decrease the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Essential Biology).   In fact, 10.7% of patients in the resistant group were found to be housing resistant bac teria, as compared to 7.7% in the control group—indicating that antibiotic rotation may actually exacerbate the problem rather than solve it (Essential Biology).   Furthermore, this method may be particularly harmful because it raises the possibility that a colony of bacteria may develop into a so-called â€Å"superbug† by gaining resistant properties against multiple antibiotics (â€Å"Breeding the Superbug†).Conversely, reducing the number of antibiotic prescriptions is effective in limiting the number of antibiotic-resistant strains.   Finnish researchers proved this correlation in a study where they tracked the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria while they reduced their prescriptions of Erythromycin (Essential Biology).As the data in the bar graphs demonstrate, prevention through reduced prescription of antibiotics seems to stem the tide of resistant bacteria: by prescribing fewer antibiotics, doctors were able to more than have the percentage o f resistant colonies from a peak of 19.0% in 1993 to a low 8.6% in 1996—a dramatic reversal (Essential Biology).However, preventative measures will only slow down the development of resistance and will not in fact solve the larger problem.   To really gain ground in mitigating the effects of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, researchers will continually need to develop new antibiotics that are capable of killing off resistant strains of bacteria.This is where careful regulation of antibiotics could save lives: if these â€Å"last lines of defense† are prescribed for everyday usage, the effectiveness of a doctor’s arsenal will be reduced and modern medicine may be powerless to stop treatable illnesses from becoming killers (â€Å"Extending the Cure†).If, on the other hand, doctors limit the usage of antibiotics to times when they are truly needed and researchers continue to develop new, more effective antibiotics, we will be able to minimize the ill-effects of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and win the â€Å"micro-war.†Ã‚   Our health depends on it.Works Cited:â€Å"Breeding the Superbug.† Allianz Knowledge Online (Ed. Valdis Wish). Electronic article.http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/safety_security/health_pandemics/hospial_infections_mrsa.html. Accessed 3 November 2008.Essential Biology. â€Å"You Decide: What Can We Do About Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria?†Online interactive lab. Pearson Education.http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_essentials_3/47/12139/3107664.cw/index.html.Accessed 3-6 November 2008.â€Å"Extending the Cure: Policy Responses to the Growing Threat of Antibiotic Resistance.†Executive summary. â€Å"Extending the Cure† online publication.http://www.extendingthecure.org/downloads/ETC_EXSUM.pdf. Accessed 5November 2008.Lewis, Ricki. â€Å"The Rise of Antibiotic Resistant Infections.† Electronic article. United StatesFood and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/Fdac/fea tures/795_antibio.html.Accessed 4 November 2008.

Nonconformity vs. Stereotyping

Since the dawn of the first tattoo, there has been a cloud of judgment hanging over the tattoo scene. In the early days, only the wealthy could afford one; however, that all changed with the invention of the electric tattooing machine. After that, tattoos were everywhere, inescapable. The â€Å"degenerates,† as society began to label them, were seen as social abnormalities and have been associated with the mentally insane.The topic of this essay is to debate whether New York Times columnist David Brooks’ â€Å"Nonconformity is Skin Deep† is a better argument than Associated Content blogger Georga Hackworth’s â€Å"Stigmas, Stereotypes in Tattooing: Why the Medical Community is to Blame. † Both articles offer insight to their respective feelings on the subject of tattooing; both are strongly opinionated, yet only one can be the winner of this essay, and that winner is David Brooks’ â€Å"Nonconformity is Skin Deep,† as he excels over th e opposition.David Brooks’ â€Å"Nonconformity is Skin Deep† argument that tattooing is becoming a social trend is persuasive; he backs this by stating that tattoos are everywhere, inescapable. He wants us to assume that behind every judge, teacher, lawyer, housewife, etc lurks ink. Brooks makes a mockery of the â€Å"tattoo fad† by writing, â€Å"these are expressions of commitment†¦they don’t always work out†¦but the longing for permanence is admirable† (Brooks). Hackworth’s â€Å"Stigmas, Stereotypes of Tattooing: Why the Medical Community is to Blame† is just as convincing as Brooks’.She blames the psychology and psychiatry branch for their portrayal of people with tattoos as â€Å"homosexuals, fetish enthusiasts, and barbaric†(Hackworth). She backs up this claim with evidence published in 1985’s â€Å"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. † Hackworth gives a brief history of the art of tattooing, discussing how in its early days was reserved only for the rich, only later to be adopted by the common man with the invention of the electric tattooing machine.As soon as tattoos became affordable, the rich turned away as they no longer represented a social status. Soon after, only circus â€Å"freaks† and social outcasts became the rep for people with tattoos, a stereotype still reverberated today, a century later. Brooks and Hackworth rely heavily on their own expertise on the subject of tattooing. Brooks is an accomplished editor with a vast audience base of the upper crusts of society. Hackworth is a â€Å"sexpert† blogger who has felt the sting of being unjustly persecuted because of her tattoos.Hackworth’s â€Å"Stigmas†¦Ã¢â‚¬  was written from a first hand account; she, like most of the population with tattoos, has felt this unjustified stereotype as being social outcasts. She claims that ironically the tattoo artist is label ed as ‘barbaric’ yet the medical nurse is the one who jabs at her with various needles. Brooks sees the fad as a consumer product that will soon die out, leaving everyone with a tattoo, left out of popularity. According to Brooks, the trend of trying to stray from being a nonconformist is quickly becoming a conformity that is affecting everyone.Hackworth does not do justice with her piece; she makes many grammatical errors that hurt her article than help it, making her seem unworthy of our time. Brooks comes off as knowledgeable, smart, and humorous making his case more credible.Works Cited Brooks, David. â€Å"Nonconformity is Skin Deep. † New York Times 27 August 2006. Hackworth, Georga. â€Å"Stigmas, Stereotypes of Tattooing: Why the Medical Community is to Blame. † 13 June 2008. Associated Content. September 2010 .

Creative Writting Essay- the Things They Carried

While Rat was telling the story about Mary Anne Bell, what was Mitchell Sanders thinking? Did he believe the story? Was he sceptical? Here is an overview of exactly what he was thinking while listening to Rat’s story, and his opinion concerning certain aspects. As soon as Rat started telling me about that guy Mark Fossie who shipped his girl over to Vietnam to spend time with him, I couldn’t believe it. He says he saw the whole thing, and that he was there when everything happened, but I doubt it; Rat is the type of guy who would lie to get his story more interesting.But anyhow, I agreed for him to tell me the story even though I was very sceptical about the whole thing. It almost seemed like he was fooling me. So I crossed my arms, and let him amuse me with his anecdote. Although Rat’s source was Fossie himself, the story seemed so over the top, Mary Anne arriving as such a sweet girl just out of high school and becoming â€Å"one with the nature† in the end. It is overwhelming how people can change depending on the environment they are put in, I thought. I had to stop Rat once, because he was totally wrecking the tone of the story.He had no consistent sound! He still was able to keep my attention until the end, mostly because I was so anxious to hear what he was going to throw at me as a conclusion knowing his information was thirdhand. I was getting pretty impatient and of course, when Rat came to tell the end of the story, it was not at all what I had expected. Never would I have thought a simple girl could have transformed into a totally different person; one ready for the kill. The story wasn’t moral and there was no point to it. That’s what made it seem so true.

Jeannine Burk

September of 1939 was when Adolf Hitler’s evil Nazi army, invaded Poland and the war was declared. It was the month Jeannine was born, with no knowing of what was going on with the government and Germany’s crude and cold army. In May, 1940, the Germans swept across Western Europe and Brussels was occupied for the second time of the century. Rumors constantly rose about the Jewish nation getting â€Å"rounded up† and that is when Jeannine’s father (Isaac Rasalowicz) made plans to hide Jeannine and Jeannine’s sister (Augusta) and brother (Max).Her sister was bed ridden at the time, which made a difficult transaction. In 1942, Jeannine’s father boarded a train with her, to arrive at a Christian home on the outskirts of Brussels. As they arrived at their destination, the lady answered occupied by her two older daughters. This was the last time Jeannine saw her father and she kept hidden in the house for two years, without ever leaving (1942 †“ 1944). Being so young, Jeannine wanted to go outside and live a little, but because she was of Jewish decent, she could only play in the backyard.She did this alone as the two daughters were out of age range to properly enjoy any fun time with little Jeannine. She had to create imaginary friends and made little crafts, like handbags, out of newspaper clippings. Jeannine’s biggest fear was the Nazi army parading around the streets of Brussels. Jeannine stated, as you see them march on television, they used to march the exact same right outside of her hidden home. People had to keep their doors open and once this rule applied, Jeannine had to hide in the outhouse. It was a small structure made out of two by four plywood.As she hid, she used to peer through a crack that was created in the outhouse, and watch the world from there, while hiding in the outhouse Jeannine stumbled across a kitten that was oddly enough right outside the foot of the outhouse. This kept her sane for two years. Her father was later arrested by the Gestapo, at five o’clock in the morning. They woke up the neighbor and ran through the entire house, climbing over the wall to Jeannine’s house where the broke in and broke down her parents bedroom door. They grabbed her father by the arm as he screamed, and threw him in their cold, musty, truck.The officer then grabbed Jeannine’s bed ridden sister, and as they did this their mother (Sarah Bluman Rafalowicz) screamed after them: â€Å"You can shoot me. You can shoot me right here. But I am not leaving my daughter. She is very sick with a disease. (This sickness was never spoken of). As the officer saw Jeannine’s sister lying there, he tore the covers off of her, exposing her Jewish body wrapped up in a cold, white cast. The officer told Sarah they’d be back for her later, and in the time of them being gone, she contacted the Catholic Hospital and they sent an ambulance for her sister, shortly after placing her in the Isolation ward.Jeannine’s brother was also rescued by Christians. He was in a Christian home, for boys only, and he stayed there for the duration of the war and after the war. When the liberation was complete, he had found his way home, while Sarah was still hidden. Her mother had gotten away by saying that she was not Jewish, and escaped easy at this because most of the S. S blandly looked for dark olive eyes and hooked noses. Sarah had blond hair, and blue eyes. She got a job and it was pre-arranged that she would be a nurse’s assistant or a practical nurse in the nursing home.The Nazi’s were afraid of entering the Isolation ward as they were so selfishly, scared of getting sick from disease. Max had then found the family and was 12 years senior by the time they saw him again, also being married at a very early age. As they waited for her father, weeks went by until they found out that he had been exterminated in Auschwitz. In 1986, Jeannine moved to New Orleans in 1986. She was a mother with six children and she still had fantasies that her father was alive. Later on, still being 1986, there was a gathering of survivors in Philadelphia and a nice group from New Orleans went.Jeannine, her sister and her brother all attended, and the gathering took place in a big hall. There were mostly Polish survivors. Some were French. Most would state their ethnicity. The arrived a large table, where the Germans had meticulously recorded every Jewish citizen that was deported and every city in that country. Jeannine spotted her fathers name, and under it was when he was deported and when they were set free. Jeannine’s father had the listing of when he was deported, but never when he was set free.This is when she realized, her father really was dead. After the war, she did not observe religion for a long time. She never denied she was Jewish. She just stopped believing. She stopped believing, because she questioned how God wou ld allow such a genocide to occur. How God could have allowed what happened to her father, or the rest of the six million people, half a million being children. To this Day, Jeannine Burk does not forgive the German nation. Jeannine still resided in New Orleans by 1971, with her husband and six children.

Annoying Professors

Despite their degrees and supposed wisdom some professors just don’t know how to teach. Their wisdom and knowledge is found to be lacking when it comes to identifying what their students need help with and how to teach them. This leaves students annoyed frustrated and angry and wishing with all their might that the class would soon be over. The most annoying of professors who leave students in a state of frustration are, commonly the following three types: â€Å"The Confusing Babbler†, â€Å"The Know-It-All† and â€Å"The Useless Git†. The Confusing Babbler presents a major problem for most students. The Confusing Babbler enters the classroom prepared to lecture, his students sit dreading it. As he babbles on about history facts he confuses one with another, does not correct his mistakes and disagrees with the textbook leaving his students wondering is the textbook or professor right, why does what the professor said today contradicts what he said yesterday and why did they even bother buying the textbook at all. The Confusing babbler will finish his lecture oblivious to the looks of bewilderment on his student’s faces and will answer their questions with contradicting statements to his lecture which makes his students puzzled even more. The class will end, the students release a sigh of relief and go home and attempt to decipher and piece the lecture together and decode the course material. The Useless Git another type of annoying professor is known for his inability and useless attempts to effectively help his students. His lectures are long and boring, he assigns class work and homework, students turn it in and The Useless Git receives it, grades it and gives it back. Attempting to know what they did wrong or enlightenment of a broader understanding of the assignment the student asks The Useless Git questions pertaining to their work. The Useless Git answers the student’s question with generic statements he answers all student’s questions with, responses in generalities without going into detail. Corrects student’s papers by highlighting areas where he believes there are problems without fully explaining what the problem is and does not correct every problem in the student’s work leaving it up to the student to find the rest of the mistakes he’s left which, doesn’t work because the student has no idea whether what was done is wrong or not. The Useless Git in the eyes of students receives an F as a professor and has students wishing and praying that the class will soon end. The Know-It-All is the most annoying professor of the three. The Know-It-All is oblivious to his mistakes, refuses to be corrected, or accept opinions from anyone else. The Know-It-All knows every English Literature quote, knows how to write every essay perfectly and considers himself, knowing a better way than the textbook the class is given to work with. The Know-It-All will make several mistakes, answer questions incorrectly and still insist their right. If indeed the Know-It-All admitted to being wrong it would take half the class and half the class period to convince him. The Know-It-All is bored by his student’s opinions and believes his opinions are the only correct ones and all others are wrong or gently needs to be corrected for his liking. Students begin to feel what is the point of attempting to interject their opinions or write papers since the Know-It-All will regard himself as the only correct one and disregard anything they have to say or write. Obviously some teachers are excellent they are clear and precise in their teaching, help their students to great outcomes and believe even their students can teach them something. But on the whole college professors with their high degrees are an annoying bunch having learned nothing from when they were student’s what works or doesn’t, and believing that because they have already sat in their student’s chairs they know all there is to know and more than their student’s which is not always the case. College professors should remember the days when they were students in vivid detail and then perhaps they will become better teachers.

Financial Liberalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Financial Liberalisation - Essay Example In the light of this irony, this paper intends to look at liberalization from the Asian perspective, specifically from the viewpoint of China and South Korea. The idea of liberalization holds at its core the notion that there be a total and complete opening of the market so that trade and capital can freely enter and move out without the burden of tax, tariffs and other forms of governmental control. Coupled with this is the idea of deregulation, which implies no governmental intervention or minimal governmental intervention in the dynamic movements of the market. This perception of liberalization has in fact has been carried over to all aspects and players of the market sparing nothing even financial institutions. The notion of financial liberalization connotes the idea that "financials markets are left to their own devices"(Soros, 2002,p 112). This inspite of the fact that financial market are basically different in nature from that of actual markets since the latter is working from known quantities (physical goods and services) whereas the former is technically working from unknowable quantities. Being such, the moment that financial m arkets are left on its own they are liable to go to extremes and breakdown. Thus, financial liberalization, though pinning for a free, level market playing field, is an oxymoron since financial institutions are basically not to be left at their own devices but must be supervised and to some extent managed by monetary authorities. Take the case of China. China's opening to international foreign trade is quite new. Considering the fact that China has just started opening her doors to foreign investors in the 60's. But despite this, the staggering improvements in financial markets in China is worth noting. On 1984, China has undertaken financial reforms and new monetary policies. Under the financial reforms, China has established its central bank known as People's Bank of China (PBOC) who has the direct say on matters pertinent to national financial institutions. While, four specialist's banks have also been established as the PBOC's arm in commercial banking functions. They are the "Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, which caters for urban enterprises an residents; the Agricultural Bank of China, which caters for rural enterprises and residents; the People's Construction of China, which mainly caters for construction enterprises; and the Bank of China which specializes in foreign exchange business" (EAAU, 2000, p 113). Further more, in 1994 three new banks have been established and these are: "State development Bank (lending for major infrastructure projects); China Import and Export Bank (providing finance for traders) and China Agricultural development Bank (providing funds f or agricultural crop purchasing)"(EAAU, 2000, p114). The latter have been established for the main purpose of removing policy-lending obligations from the four state-owned specialist's banks so that it can develop into "commercial entities" (EAAU, 2000, 114). These banks perform their specific functions over and above the normal banking transactions of accepting deposits and withdrawals, offering loans and guarantees, investments in Chinese treasury and government bonds. The most significant manifestation of financial liberal

Motivation in the NHS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Motivation in the NHS - Essay Example The new concepts which are incorporated into the NHS are now including resources, funding allocated to assist with services and the building of communities which can assist with the needs in health care and the concepts associated with this. Connections to corporations as well as physicians are furthering the success of this organization while allowing new funding and high performance to be associated with the main corporation (NHS, 2011). While there are several opportunities available for NHS, there are also curtain standings that are altering the way in which the corporation functions and what is available for those in need of health assistance. The main concept that is now being initiated is linked directly to the government, which is moving into a reform with the service. This is designed to offer equitable solutions for those who are in need of health care. The initial structure of the NHS is linked to the governmental sector, making all restrictions and obligations with polici es and reforms directly responsible for those who are involved in this movement. Legitimacy that is associated with health costs, regulating healthcare providers and liberating the restrictions that are associated with the NHS are the three main objectives of the government and the link to NHS. The main ideal is to keep the standards of equity while ensuring that each individual that links to the NHS is able to receive the comprehensive health care needed (DH, 1: 2011). The liberation which is being structured with government policies and concepts is furthered by the structure which is continuing to grow with the NHS. The first is based on the main structure. This is divided first by the... This paper stresses that the various concepts which are associated with motivation among the National Health Service employees is based on various dimensions which continue to affect the interactions of those which are involved with the professional concepts of the industry. When looking at the interactions, it can be seen that there is a direct relationship to the economic and political shifts. These are each involved with motivations that come from policies, expectations in the industry and the involvement which individuals have in the profession to receiving benefits in terms of political and economic opportunities. This reprot makes a conclusion that there are considerations within the NHS, specifically because of the structure and relationship which is associated with the health care industry. The current structure is one which provides human resource management tools to customers, other health care assistants and from the governments. The constraints of this are related to the policies and political agendas that come from each of these branches of the NHS. There are also constraints with the economic expectations and how this relates to the overall industry. For the NHS to begin to change, there is the need to look at the motivational factors within health care, specifically in relation to the policies and how this affects the human resources, available opportunities for those involved with the NHS and the abilities which are a part of growth in the industry. By understanding these different levels, changes can be made in terms of motivation and how individuals and customers now relate to the health care industry.

Vulnerability assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vulnerability assessment - Research Paper Example Connecticut is named after the Connecticut River which bisects it. Hartford is the capital city of this state. Hartford has a total area of 18.0 square miles in area, 0.7 square miles is covered in water while 17.3 square miles is covered with land. It is the second most populous on the Connecticut River with an estimated population of 124,775 as per the census carried out in 2001, translating to  7,025.5 persons per square mile (Grant, 2006). The city is bordered by the following town: Windsor, South Windsor, Newington, Wethersfield, West Hartford, East Hartford and Bloomfield. Moreover, Hartford boasts of a vast array of resources, such as Wadsworth Athenaeum  Museum of Art  located downtown on its main street. This museum was the first of its kind in the U.S the Stone Field Sculpture  is yet another of many outstanding resources in the city. The Riverfront Recapture and Park, which connects the downtown to the Connecticut River, is known for its various scenic wonders. The neighborhoods in Hartford are both diverse and historic, with the central business district housing a wide range of museums. Hartford city has a well established transportation system, ranging from air, road and railway transportation. The city is home to three significant airports with an estimated average departure of 100. Buses run through the city at regular intervals, Hartfords Union Station serves many residents through railway transportation. The city’s economy is significantly boosted by its various insurance companies. Hartford experiences humid continental climate which increase the likelihood of hurricane occurrence significantly. The city residents and authorities are always on high alert of hurricanes, especially during the hurricane season. The city is protected by over three hundred professional fire fighters of the City of Hartford Fire Department HFD) and over four hundred sworn

Report on security (read attachmment) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Report on security (read attachmment) - Essay Example Physiological and /or behavioural characteristics are two basis of biometric recognition system. Human characteristics used for biometric recognition system are based on parametres like: universality, uniqueness, permanence, collectability, performance, acceptability, and circumvention, Ofcom(2009). Furthermore, verification and identification are two modes in system operation. Few technical considerations in selecting a system are false accept rate or false match rate (FAR or FMR), false reject rate or false non-match rate (FRR or FNMR), receiver/relative operating characteristics (ROC), equal error rate or crossover error rate (EER or CER), failure to enroll rate (FTE or FER), failure to capture rate (FTC), and template capacity. Dynamic Air Parts plc is currently using swipe card sytem .Swipe card is a type of card capable of storing data by modifying the magnetism of tiny iron-based magnetic particles on a band of magnetic material on the card. The swipe card system is read by ph ysical contact and swiping past a magnetic reading head. An individually encoded pass card looks a like a credit card. The stripe on the back of the security pass card is a magnetic stripe, often called a magstripe. Typically, the data on an encoded security swipecard includes: 1. Name 2. ID # (social security number or other unique number) 3. Access level (where you're allowed to go) Next generation of magnetic cards - Smartcards. Smart Cards or Smartcards is the term referred to cards, made from plastic, with similarities in size, thickness and other physical appearance as plastic credit cards. It can describe chip card or integrated circuit card. Smart cards in addition have an Integrated Circuit (IC) Chip embedded in it. Smart cards are also known as IC cards and ICC cards. The amount of information can be stored in smart cards is much greater compared to magnetic stripe cards. Some of them can also be reprogrammed to add, delete or rearrange data. Compared to magnetic cards, sm art cards offer more advantages, such as: 1. They can be readily reconfigured. 2. They are reusable. 3. They give more security, thus reducing the risk of transaction fraud . 4. They are much more durable and reliable. 5. They allow multiple applications to be stored in one card. 6. It provides reduction in costs. 7. It has technical specification standards. 8. It gives security of information. 9. It has more organized information. 10. It has emergency information. 11. The process doesn't require paper. 12. One card can access multiple transactions. 13. It reduces fraud. 14. It has high memory capabilities. 15. It has the ability for on-site approval. 16. End-user only accessibility. Besides advantages, smart cards also have some disadvantages, such as: 1. It gives liability issues if stolen or lost. 2. The accuracy of information is small. 3. Lack of technology to support users . 4. It is potential hazard to data security since too much data is stored on one card if lost or stolen. 5. It is a potential area for computer hackers and computer viruses. Fingerprint Recognition Systems. A fingerprint contain a number of unique physical characteristics called minutiae, which includes cert ain visible aspects of fingerprints such as ridges, ridge endings and bifurcations (forks in ridges). Minutiae are generally found in the core points of