Profile of an Adolescent Bully Essay

From 2000 to the present time, there have been well over 600 peer-reviewed articles published on bullying. When compared to the less than 190 articles that were published from 1980 to 2009, one has to acknowledge that this area of research has exploded. Research indicates that between 10% and 30% of children and youth are involved in bullying and that bullying also increases during the middle school period as children enter adolescence (Cook, Williams, Guerra, Kim & Sadek, 2010, p. 65). Talk to any adolescent in school today and they will have their own story about their experience with bullying and there is a consistent agreement that it is becoming more complex to address. This essay is intended to inform the audience of some of the different behaviors and characteristics of bullies, the different methods of bullying, and to explore the possible reasons for origination in order to assist in future prevention and intervention efforts. Where is the Research? While performing research for this paper it became quickly noticeable that studies profiling a bully’s traits are scarcely performed. The focus of most research is in areas such as the methods of harassment used by bullies (i. e. cyber bullying), or the ramifications towards society caused by being bullied [i. e. school shootings (Barnett, Miller-Perrin, Perrin, 2011, p. 280). ] There is little research focused solely on profiling the bully him/herself. If society is going to make a longstanding change and truly break the cycle of harassment between adolescents than the background of the bully should be explored and assessed. While a profile of a potential victim is offered, it is used to better complete an accurate understanding of the adolescent bully. Definition of a Bully Bullying is commonly defined as a specific type of aggressive behavior intended to distress a vulnerable person and includes intent to cause harm, occurs repeatedly and involves a power imbalance (Barnett et al. , 2011, p. 160). During childhood, bullies are rejected, isolated, and disliked by their peers. Social acceptance for the bully changes during adolescence to being well accepted and liked by their peers. This could be due to the children’s gradual transition into adolescence resulting in an increased knowledge in social problem solving, or gaining an ability to negotiate a confrontation with others thereby diffusing volatile situations (Cook et al. , 2010, p. 71). Two Types of Bully’s Currently, there are two types of bully’s that are invading American grade schools, the typical bully and the bully victim. The typical bully.  An adolescent described as being loud, assertive, somewhat socially and academically challenged, hostile, possesses negative attitudes and beliefs about others, minimal problem-solving skills, and comes from a family environment typically characterized by conflict and poor parental monitoring (Cook et al. , 2010, pp. 75-76, Batsche & Knoff, 1994, p. 166). The bully victim. An adolescent holding negative attitudes and beliefs about him/herself and others, has minimal social competence, does not have adequate social problem-solving skills, has poor academic performance, and s not only rejected and isolated by peers but also negatively influenced by the peers with whom he or she interacts with (Cook et al. , 2010, p. 76). A possible motive for a bully victim to become aggressive at school is that they may be experiencing their own victimization due to the emotional and psychological effects of being a victim at home (Rivers, Poteat, Noret, Ashurst, 2009, p. 212), and are exposed to family models of aggression resulting in violence contributing to violence (Barnett et al. , 2011). Beyond Primary Roles There has been a significant change as to how bullying behavior is understood. With the expansion past primary roles such as bully and victim, Rivers et al. have defined secondary roles that can categorize all participants of a victimization scenario. The assistant bully plays an active but secondary role to the bully. The reinforcer is considered to be a pupil that joins in laughing at the victim or encouraged the bully. Outsiders are aware that the bullying is taking place but will actively remove themselves from the situation. Lastly, the defender is seen as one that directly intervenes or displays help-seeking behavior when involved in bullying situation, and is most times a female (2009, p. 12). Motives The motives of bullies range from satisfying the need for power or to be affiliated with another person or group that is powerful, to a partial or total inability to manage anger. Dependent on their environment at home, they may exert themselves to attain a sense of control in their lives. On closer observation, bullies often demonstrate problems with impulsivity, a need to dominate others, and show little sympathy or empathy for their victims. Some bullies even admit that they â€Å"like† being a bully and may have a slightly justified outlook on their social role. Parents of Bullies Research has shown that parents of bullies prefer authoritarian parenting styles, will sometimes reject their child or show hostility, may show inconsistent parenting while supervising at a minimum, and have poor problem-solving skills (Batsche & Knoff, 1994, p. 166). The parents of adolescent bullies have failed to model positive conflict resolution or how to satisfy their need for attention, therefore the bully will continue with harassing others because it has proven to be an effective strategy (Cook et al. , 2010). The bully may also be witnessing interparental violence at home (Barnett et al. , 2011, 161). Rivers et al. have shown that children who witness violence at home regularly are more likely to require counseling to overcome the emotional and relationship difficulties they experience (2009). Not addressing negative behavior patterns may result in the behaviors continuing into adulthood, resulting in bullying others at their workplace, and increasing their likeliness of being convicted of a criminal offense during adulthood than their noninvolved peers. They are also at a higher risk for experiencing psychiatric problems, difficulties in romantic relationships and substance abuse problems (Cook et al. 2010, p. 79). Leaving this issue unaddressed also allows for the bully to possibly simulate the same environment that was conducive to their becoming a bully while raising their offspring therefore possibly making bullying intergenerational. Different Modes of Bullying Once seen as mostly physical in nature, bullying has now transformed into a ten-headed monster that spans from physical/direct bullying to various forms of indirect bullying such as turning friends against their peers, threats, and teasing. Bullying has also been made more complex and autonomous with the introduction and ease of accessibility to technology. Now bullies use tools such as text, e-mails, websites and chat rooms to torment their victims (Barnett et al. , 2011, p. 279). Measures of bullying. These measures need to encompass the three broad domains of behaviors that constitute bullying: direct physical bullying, direct verbal bullying, and indirect bullying in which the person or group of persons doing the bullying is not necessarily identified (Carbone-Lopez, Esbensen & Brick, 2010, p. 334). Most common types of bullying are verbal, then physical, then threats. Boys have always gravitated more towards physical bullying while girls tend to verbally bully their victims (Barnett et al. , 2011, p. 280). One of the reasons suggested was that girl verbal skills develop earlier than boys and until recently, it was seen as socially unacceptable and unladylike to physically bully (Strohmeier, Wagner, Spiel & von Eye, 2010, p. 187). The general concept of bullying entails a distinct type of aggression characterized by a repeated and systematic abuse of power. There are many acets to bullying that include but are not limited to physical aggression, verbal aggression (e. g. name calling and threats), relational aggression (e. g. , social isolation and rumor spreading), and cyber-aggression (e. g. , text messaging and e-mailing hurtful messages or images), a new venue for inflicting harm in an increasingly electronic youth culture (Strohmeier et al. , 2010, p. 187 ). The technology boom of today has brought new ways of communicating with each other. E-mail, instant messaging, Facebook, Myspace and texting are some of the new facets of communication. Gone are the days of writing letters or simply giving someone a phone call; people find personal confrontation easier to avoid and use these technologies to hide behind instead. The art of conversation is quickly giving way to this type of messaging and avoidance. Today’s society finds it much easier to verbally attack someone behind a phone or computer than to do it face-to-face. Victims Characteristics. Victims are characterized as submissive and non-assertive (Barnett et al. , 2011, p. 161). More often being smaller than the bully; the victim may be more sensitive, unhappy, cautious, quiet, and/or withdrawn (Cook et al. 2010, p. 65). Because the victim allows for the bullying to continue, one can only assume that they have passive or submissive characteristics. They may also be insecure and will not normally assert themselves. When attacked they withdraw and cry and since they are vulnerable, they will not retaliate. There is also an alternative type of victim termed the â€Å"provocative victim. † These victims are overactive, may have irritating behaviors, and are anxious along with showing aggressive traits (Green, Felix, Sharkey, Furlong & Kras, 2012, p. 1). These types of victims could possibly be a bully victim in the making. Age range. Victims are normally the same age and in the same class as the bully (Rivers et al. , 2009, p. 212). Therefore the bully will spend enough time with the victim to know them well. The bully does not have as much opportunity to victimize younger students since the chance to be around them lessens as they progress through school. The number of older pupils with opportunity to bully at decreased risk to selves decreases as the bully ages. Gender specifics. When explored, the reasons for bullying another peer differ by gender. A study done by Beaty & Alexeyev states that boy bullies pick on others because they â€Å"do not fit in,† are physically weak, or due to the clothes they wore (2008, p. 2). Victims also include those that are special needs, deviate from the norm, or differ in sexual orientation or race (Barnett, 2011, p. 161). Girls also primarily bully others because they â€Å"do not fit in,† but differ greatly when choosing who to pick on according to cognitive abilities. While boys have a tendency to victimize other pupils with special needs, girls chose to victimize what would be considered as â€Å"overachievers† (Rivers et al. 2009, p. 213). Conclusion Now knowing all of this information, how can it be put to use when addressing bullies in their earliest stages? Schools can use this profile of a bully as a window into what makes them become the people they are. Teachers will be able to identify a bully and address background situations such as family structure to offer counseling to the bully and their family. They could also assist victims within the school in learning social skills to deter bullies from picking on them as well.

Comparing and Contrasting Two Versions of Macbeth Essay

The two versions of Macbeth were made in different years. The BBC version was lower budget and set almost as if it is a play being performed on stage. The Polanski version was a big- budget film which is set in real, outdoor locations. However, though each film is very different, they are both adapted from Shakespeare’s play. Sound is very important in a film; sound consists of three elements, these being dialogue, music and effects. In the BBC version of Macbeth, dialogue is the most important of these sound elements; this is because the BBC version is very closely related to Shakespeare’s play. In the BBC version, sound is used to tell everything; there are very few sound effects and very little music. Conversely, in the Polanski version all three elements share important roles. While the BBC version follows Shakespeare’s original script very closely, Polanski makes a number of changes to the script and sequence of events. An example of the original play being adapted is in scene one, in which he chooses to make very long so that he was able to miss our parts later on in the story. Instead of the witches meeting in the first scene, the witches meet and cast a spell using an arm. In the BBC version, this particular reference to a body part does not come until scene three. This is why scene one in the Polanski version is so long. The dialogue in the BBC version is identical to the dialogue that Shakespeare wrote. Though dialogue in the BBC version is the most important feature, there is music. Music is used to build up suspense at the very beginning of the film, this music starts and stops as does the use of thunder as pathetic fallacy. This creates an eerie and unpredictable effect. In the Polanski version, sound is a more subtle element. In scene one, everything is action with quiet sounds and the witches do not speak until two minutes into the scene. On the other hand, the witched begin to speak almost immediately in the BBC version. The mise en scene in both movies is important. A movie can be more realistic than in a staged play. This can be seen clearly in the Polanski version which uses elaborate, individual costumes which look very true to life. This is helped because the Polanski film had a big budget. The setting in the Polanski film was a real landscape and on location. Many props are also used; for example in scene one when the witches push a pram which contains an arm, a dagger and blood. Props add to any movie or play to make it more interesting. In this particular case, however, the props symbolic of what is to happen later in the play- gory murder. In the BBC the mise en scene is much simpler, being set more like a stage version- more dialogue, less scenery. In scene one there is only one setting. This scenery is much simpler and clearly filmed in a studio, it shows the witches situated on a rock in a dark area. The costumes the witches are wearing plain undistinguishing clothe: their black shawls are almost identical making the audience concentrate more on the dialogue, the mise en scene is a bonus, as opposed to in the Polanski version, where the mise en scene plays a more important role. Visuals are very important in both versions of Macbeth. In the BBC version there is only one shot in scene one, which makes it very similar to how it would be performed on stage. However, the difference is that the camera zooms in a the beginning and zooms further in to a close up of the witches’ hands at the end. This same effect could not be achieved in a stage version, In the third scene of the BBC version, there are many shots. This is because the scene is longer and includes more characters: Macbeth, Banquo, the three witches and two messengers. Whereas in scene one there were only three witches. In the Polanski version there are many shots; fifteen in scene one. Each shot is carefully made to portray something. Unlike in a play, a movie effectively tells the viewer exactly what to see at a certain point. One example of an important shot is the third shot in scene one where the shot goes from the three witches digging in the sand to a seagull flying in the sky. This shot may seem random at first but it was specifically chosen to show time passing. It can also symbolise a coming storm- seagulls flying inland means that there is bad weather brewing at sea. This can be connected as a sign of what is going to happen later in the story and what the witches are preparing, a bad spell. The use of lightning and colour is important in both versions. This can be noticed when the lightning in scene one in the BBC version and Polanski version is both red at the beginning. The colour red symbolises blood, a major element in the play and gives an indication to the audience of the bloodshed and murders to come. Colour is also important to portray the time of day. This is shown in the Polanski version at the beginning when it is dawn and the sky turns from red to blue, becoming brighter to show the sun rising. A red sky can also symbolise bad weather, as does the seagull later on. The saying goes: ‘Red sky at night, shepherd’s delight, red sky in the morning, shepherd’s warning.’ I think both versions are excellent stories of Macbeth. The BBC version is more like the original play and focuses on the literary content; the Polanski version contains more action. Both films are helpful in aiding students to understand the content and themes of the play because the BBC version is very similar to the original play- the speech is the same, however, the Polanski version is more cinematic which makes it more exciting and helps students to enjoy the play. I preferred the Polanski version because it is not completely directed on dialogue but also on action and scenery. I found this more interesting and more realistic than in the BBC version.

Sleeping Disorder

Sleep disorders/disturbances can cause your sleep to be disturbed. Disturbed sleep includes the inability to fall asleep, the inability to go back to sleep, and frequent waking up during the night. Sleep disorders can make you feel tired, fatigued, and irritable, making it difficult for you to concentrate during the day. Sleep is a behavioral state that is a natural part of every individual’s life. We spend about one-third of our lives asleep. Nonetheless, people generally know little about the importance of this essential activity. Sleep is not just something to fill time when a person is inactive.Sleep is a required activity, not an option. Even though the precise functions of sleep remain a mystery, sleep is important for normal motor and cognitive function. We all recognize and feel the need to sleep. After sleeping, we recognize changes that have occurred, as we feel rested and more alert. Sleep actually appears to be required for survival. Rats deprived of sleep will die within two to three weeks, a time frame similar to death due to starvation. Most people have experienced sleep disturbances at some point in their lives.Anyone at any age can develop a sleep disorder/disturbance. Depending on the cause and the treatment, sleep disturbances can be short-term or long-term. According to HelpGuide. org â€Å"Sleeping disorder are problem with sleeping including trouble falling or staying asleep at the wrong times, too much sleep, or abnormal behaviours during sleep. There are more than 100 different sleeping and waking disorder. They can be grouped into four main categories. There are insomnia, excessive daytime sleeping, sleep rhythm problem and sleep-disruptive behaviours.Sleep can often be a barometer of our overall health. In many causes, people in good health distution to sleep well, whereas those suffering from repeated sleeping problems might have an underlying medical or mental health problem, be it minor or serious. Sleeping well is essential to our physical health and emotional well-being. Unfortunately, even minimal sleep loss can take a toll on your mood, energy, efficiency and ability to handle stress. Ignoring sleep problems and disorders can lead to poor health, accidents, impaired job performance and relationship stress.If you want to feel your best, stay healthy, and perform up to our potential, sleep is a necessity, not a luxury. † Sleep problems can be caused by various factors. Although causes may differ, the end result of all sleep disorders is that the body’s natural cycle of slumber and daytime wakefulness is disrupted or exaggerated. Factors that can cause sleep problems are; physical, medical, psychiatric, or environmental. Lack of sleep can cause accidents, serious health problems like heart disease , high blood pressure and including bad performance among students.Sleep disorders also can cause depression, hypertension and gain weight among students. Usually, students facing sleeping disor der when they are stress and tension due to the extra assignment that they have to finish within a short period. This will give them more pressure and may causes them to do something that will affect their own health. Another meaning of sleeping disorder is when someone did not have enough time to sleep, overslept, or they slept in wrong time . People that facing sleeping disorder is primary and secondary school students, college students, university student and employee.This is because they did not manage their time properly and continuously especially for their studies, outing, gathering, or with their family. The effect of sleeping disorder is this will make them feel tired and loses of energy during the next day especially during classes and lecture. Hence, they cannot give their focus for 100% and cannot understand and catch up the lesson what the teachers had teaches. In addition to the primary sleep disorders, there are three categories of sleep disorders that are caused by o r related to substance use or other physical or mental disorders.Sleep disorders related to mental disorders. Many mental disorders, especially depression or one of the anxiety disorders, can cause sleep disturbances. Psychiatric disorders are the most common cause of chronic insomnia. Sleep disorders due to medical conditions. Some patients with chronic neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease may develop sleep disorders. Sleep disorders have also been associated with viral encephalitis, brain disease, and hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Substance-induced sleep disorder.The use of drugs, alcohol, and caffein frequently produces disturbances in sleep patterns. Alcohol abuse is associated with insomnia. The person may initially feel sleepy after drinking, but wakes up or sleeps fitfully during the second half of the night. Alcohol can also increase the severity of breathing-related sleep disorders. With amphetamines or cocaine, the patient typically suffers from insomnia during drug use and hypersomnia during drug withdrawal. Opioids usually make short-term users sleepy. However, long-term users develop tolerance and may suffer from insomnia.In addition to alcohol and drugs that are abused, a variety of prescription medications can affect sleep patterns. These medications include antihistamines, corticosteroids, asthma medicines, and drugs that affect the central nervous system. As a matriculation student, we would like to know either this habits infectious KMNS students or not. So, we need to do research to find out the causes and effect of sleeping disorder towards KMNS student as they are having the most difficult time to study and stay here.

Organisations Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisations Design - Essay Example ctively silence criticism and concerns by the rank and file, a culture that mocked and ignored ethical compliance issues, and numerous other elements that reduced their effective impulse control, morality, concern over their actions and ability to perceive the inevitable consequences of their actions. Definition of Culture Schein defines culture thusly: â€Å"a pattern of basic assumptions...developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration...considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to...think† (1985, p. 9). Culture can be considered to be separate from but clearly intertwined with institutional characteristics. Institutional decisions to scuttle external auditing and accounts is an institutional decision. The sentiments behind that decision that laugh at external controls and view them as unnecessary is a cultural trait of the organisation. ... . ethics – successful, driven, focused, philanthropic and responsible† (Sims and Brinkmann, 2003). Just as the company had seemed to be the darling of Wall Street and invulnerable to failure, it also seemed to be a truly responsible company. Of course, it is important to note that not everyone bought into Enron's golden story. Greg Palast, an investigative journalist for The Guardian, had been writing exposes on Enron for years (2004). Palast in a retrospective on Enron in 2002 argued that Enron's collapse was predictable due to a combination of lackluster media criticism that continued after the crisis, a culture of political irresponsibility and a sense of political entitlement, arrogance, and other factors: One tabloid...called Baxter a "hero"...[T]his is the Baxter who last year quietly crawled out of Enron...then dumped his stock on unsuspecting buyers... There have been a lot of misplaced tears in the Affair Enron. The employees were shafted, no doubt about it. But the shareholders? I didn't hear any of them moan when Enron stock shot up through the roof when the company, joined by a half dozen other power pirates, manipulated, monopolised and muscled the California electricity market a year ago...Enron and half a dozen others skinned purchasers for more than $12bn in excess charges....Enron sold 500 megawatts of power to the state for delivery over a 15-megawatt line...[T]he company knew darn well the juice couldn't make it over the line, causing panic in the state - customers would then pay 10 times the normal cost... The federal regulator caught that one. Within weeks of taking office, George Bush demoted the troublesome official. Lay boasted to one candidate expected to replace the sacked regulator that

Epistemology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Epistemology - Assignment Example Uncertainty Principle is hard to understand, as it requires thorough understanding of physics. However, positivism is founded on principles indicating that matter is seen, observed and proved. It creates a conflict between the two principles. For example, advocates of positivism argue it is not possible to observe electron paths while pro- Uncertainty Principle argues that electrons travel on path called orbits (Gleiser, 2014). Postmodern epistemology is the study of how knowledge is assessed, gained, utilized and criticized. The development of Uncertainty Principle enabled the advocates of epistemology to widen their scope of learning. Concepts of Uncertainty Principle like quantum mechanics are studied in postmodern epistemology (Van & McIntyre-Mills, 2007). One of its implications is called determinism. It states that everything that has happened or will happen in the world is pre-determined by original conditions. However, this theory was abandoned after the discovery of quantum physics (Kitchin & Kneale, 2012). M.C. Robinson (2011). A thought experiment violating Heisenbergs uncertainty principle. Canadian Journal of Physics. P. 69-119 Retrieved from Marcelo Gleiser (2014). The Problem with a Clockwork Universe. Commentary on Science and society. Reterieved from < http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2014/01/22/264504218/the-problem-with-a-clockwork-universe

Employees Morale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employees Morale - Essay Example Therefore, the company should employ a comprehensive exposure strategy for employees to ensure that they develop skills compatible with emerging trends in the rental car business (Bruce, 2003). The company should practice workforce exchange programs with other organizations offering car rental services in order motivate employees to appreciate the company’s working environment. The employees should be given attractive remuneration to promote loyalty and energize their working potential (Bowles, Cooper & Palgrave, 2009). The company should plan for reasonable allowance strategy to ensure that hardworking employees are reward proportionately to their contribution to the company’s success. The employees should be awarded attractive entertainment allowance to facilitate adequate refreshment when on holiday. The company working schedule should be well structured ensure that it is convenient for all employees. The employees should not be made to report very early and leave late from work. Overworking the employees lowers their working morale and sometimes pressures them to produce substandard results (Amar, 2001). In this regard, the company should consider restructuring the work program and allow workers to operate in shifts to minimize fatigue and work pressure. The company should focus on appreciating the hardworking workers to encourage them to put more efforts in their endeavor.. For instance, the employees showing distinguished performance should be promoted to higher ranks and their salaries to be reviewed to boost their working spirit. Research has shown that promotion is a significant booster of employees’ morale. Employees will always work hard to get to high levels of their career. The company should not interfere with employee freedom at the work place. The employees should be allowed to mingle and share experiences

Designing a Training Program Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Designing a Training Program - Research Paper Example Consequently, the overall attitude and dedication of the employees along with its integration with the core objectives of the business is also important in ensuring the overall succession of the unit (Aguinis & Kraiger, 2009). Correspondingly, in this particular research focused would be levied on developing a training program for a group of 20 employees for a particular organization. In this process planning has been undertaken for providing training to 20 employees of the business in order to mitigate the prevailing issues of the workplace, which is highly required to make employees efficient in terms of their skills, abilities and dedication towards the work that they execute within the workplace. In this regard, it can be affirmed that appropriate training will be important in order to increases the capability of the 20 employees of the business especially towards attaining better operational performance along with dealing with the dynamics of the external environment. . Moreover, it has also been ascertained that training program will significantly assist these employees to reboot their skills and knowledge regarding the necessary roles and responsibilities that they will require to have to comply wi th the implementation of a new technology within the workplace. Besides, it is also the current organizational culture of the business that encourages the workforce to acquire the diversified skill in their respective task, which can be steered using appropriate training program (Aguinis & Kraiger, 2009). The training session has been carried out for two days with a formal procedure, which is deemed to be sufficient in developing specialization of knowledge for the employees. In this context, it has also been ascertained that the training secession will help the employees to develop soft skills and enhance their learning in the area of production and other operational related aspects. Moreover, method of

Concerns and Benefits Regarding the Use of the American Psychological Article

Concerns and Benefits Regarding the Use of the American Psychological Association (APA) Format of Citation - Article Example Numerous citation formats are currently being used by most researchers and scholarly writers based on their specialization. The most popular style that can be used in any field is the Chicago or Turabian style, MLA is most used for the humanities, and APA style is used in the social sciences, and in recent years in education, research, and business as well (Lipson, 2011). The styles may vary according to what is needed to be presented, but all of these are borne out of the necessity of presenting thoughts or ideas as scholarly and as professionally as possible, all while giving appropriate recognition to the writers that presented the original ideas beforehand (Winkler & Metherell, 2011). Also, because the different writing styles are designed in order to properly present information in the field that these are most often used, one type of citation style may not be appropriate to use in other fields of study, and some necessary information that is usually needed in referencing may be omitted, or added, which could cause confusion (Lipson, 2011). Due to this, the use of a citation style must be in accordance to what kind of information is being presented. In addition, the use of specific styles for each field of discipline is needed to homogenize the presentation of information, especially for publications (Szuchman, 2010). The American Psychological Association (APA) created a format of information presentation around 80 years ago, in order for social scientists to establish a standard for communications in that field (American Psychological Association, APA, 2012a). This format is now popularly known as APA Citation Style, and is widely used because of its focus on sparing and straightforward presentation of information (APA, 2012a). There is much focus on the content, as well as the condensation and rephrasing of information from other sources, making this citation style more authoritative than other methods (Beins, 2012). Another characteristic of APA Citati on Style is it being parenthetical, with much more focus on the name of the research writer and the date it was written. This is due to the fast nature of scientific research in generating new information and making other ideas obsolete in a short period of time (Winkler & Metherell, 2011). With this in mind, this kind of format is much more applicable in the field of nursing, since most concepts are most often needed in a condensed form, as well as the fast turnover rate of information in this field. The use of APA Citation Style in writing scholarly articles is very useful in my field of nursing, especially when writing research papers, position papers, or even short papers such as summaries of one or more articles. The use of the parenthetical method in citing information previously published is able to quickly tell the reader of the paper when this information was generated, and it could either strengthen the validity of an argument without adding any bias (APA, 2012b). Also, th e style is designed to be as minimalist as possible for researchers to write and edit

Does the assumption and implementation of corporate social Essay

Does the assumption and implementation of corporate social responsibility makes businesses more successful - Essay Example It encompasses two broad views in general. The first one is that the companies share the wealth they create with either the society they operate in or other under privileged societies. The other is managing their activities in a more ethically and morally responsible way. It is the voluntary exceeding of the society's expectations of the business and it is agreed that it is majorly affected by how the company manages its core businesses. (Baker) Corporate Social responsibility is extremely important to a company's business. According to a survey by the Economist Intelligence Unit, Corporate responsibility is affecting the relationship between companies and their various stakeholders, such as investors, customers, vendors, suppliers, employees, communities and governments. (Doebele, 2005) Underlying principles The Corporate responsibility trend is being driven by a large number of factors. Companies which do not engage in social responsibility might be viewed as unethical as peoples t rust in large organizations is already waning. The rise in the corporate governance movement, globalization of businesses and the competition presented by rivals all contribute to a firms increasing interest in corporate responsibility. The benefits of corporate responsibility may prove never ending for an organization. ... They include environmental management, issues management and stake holder's management. There will be times when two or more of these management areas will be integrated to form one areas of concern. Foreg in 1994 BHP Billton's shareholders were concerned about the company causing environmental damage in Papua New Guinea. (Gail Thomas, 2006) There have been multiple arguments in favor of supporting corporate social responsibilities for businesses. It has been said that practicing a business enables many things in the society and businesses are dependent upon a healthy, well-developed and economically sound society for its proper functioning. Improved quality of life for employees and citizens should be one of the top priority for all ethical businesses and this is only fulfilled if they practice giving back to the society or caring capitalism as Niall Fitzgerland, chairman Unilever calls it. Since the main responsibility that the company owes is towards itself, the company has to ens ure that fulfilling responsibility is both beneficial to itself and the society, but ensures that the company survives in the long run. People in favor of corporate social responsibility clearly state that CSR enhances the view of the company in the eyes of the customers and generates a loyal customer base. Others state that fulfilling CSR also provides unmatched promotion and publicity for the company which is again very necessary for the success of the company. Last but not the least practicing social responsibility raises the morale and self esteem of the employees of the company and they feel good about the contributions and are more likely to work efficiently and develop into diligent workers. Boyle and Boguslaw (Boyle, 2007,

An Argument for the Rights of Chimpanzees Essay

An Argument for the Rights of Chimpanzees - Essay Example Women, ethnic and sexual minorities lobby for recognition of their rights as individuals of no lesser stature than any other. Indeed, very few of us would consider them unjust arguments: the days in which women were not allowed to vote, or when ethnic groups were segregated from one another are remembered with a sense of regret. Thus, that men, and women, have sacrosanct and equal rights is rarely disputed, even though in practice work remains to be done to see that these rights are respected. However, the argument for equal rights is limited entirely to the realms of one species of the animal kingdom: Homo sapiens. A review of the scientific evidence regarding the ape, pan troglodytes, known more popularly as chimpanzee, provides a compelling argument for the extension of a number of rights to those apes and demonstrates that past and contemporary ethical discussions of rights have been severely limited and need to be revised. Ethical philosophy draws a distinction between 'animals' and 'man', excluding all other life forms on this planet from its discussions. An example of this can be found in John Rawls' 'A Theory of Justice', where Rawls states that "we should recall here the limits of a theory of justice. Not only are many aspects of morality left aside, but no account is given of right conduct in regard to animals and the rest of nature" (488). Thus Rawls considers 'rights' to be limited in their application to human beings, distinguishing humans as something entirely distinct from the animal kingdom. Rawls does not just exclude other animals from a discussion of rights, but considers any arguments related to the duties of man towards animals to be "outside the scope of the theory of justice" (448). However, as Copernicus removed the earth from the center of the universe, knocking man off his pedestal for the further enrichment of the science of astronomy, so must ethical philosophy abandon all thoug ht of man as occupying a reserved and elitist place above the animal kingdom. Ethical philosophy is still grounded in concepts from the Enlightenment era, before the discoveries of Charles Darwin which revealed that human beings and all other animals shared a common ancestor. Rather than man being something distinct from, and overlord to, other species, humans are in fact close relatives to all other life on the planet. Rawls thus commits a fallacy in distinguishing humans from animals and limiting his discussion of rights to humans. Professor Richard Dawkins, a leading evolutionary biologist, observes that "legal and moral systems are deeply species-bound" (262). Unjustly and irrationally so, considering our evolutionary history. Chimpanzees have the greatest claim to enjoying equal rights to the rest of humanity due to their close evolutionary proximity to Homo sapiens. Dawkins notes that "the last common ancestor of humans and chimps lived perhaps as recently as five million years ago" and that "chimpanzees and we share more than 99 per cent of our genes" (263). In the preceding five million years a number of intermediates between ourselves and chimpanzees have lived, some closer to the chimpanzee, some closer to the human (Dawkins, 263). The chimpanzee is just a short step away along the evolutionary tree of life from human beings. Thus, they surely have the rights to enjoy freedom, security and

Assessment Process Essay Example for Free

Assessment Process Essay A1 Award 1 Understand the principles and requirements of assessment. 1. 1 Explain the functions of assessment in learning and development. ? ? ? What is initial assessment and how does this identify learner’s needs? What is formative assessment and how does this track learner’s progress? What is summative assessment and how does this assess learner’s achievement? 1. 2 Define the key concepts and principles of assessment. ? ? ? ? ? How do you make assessment using set criteria in order to make judgements of learners’ knowledge, skills and competence? What is meant by validity and reliability? What role does evidence have in making assessment decisions? What is meant by evidence being authentic, sufficient and current the importance of objectivity and fairness to learners? What is the importance of transparency for the learner? 1. 3 Explain the responsibilities of the assessor: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? How do you ensure that you understand and apply the standards and requirements of the award you are assessing? How do you plan assessments to meet learner needs? How do you communicate assessment requirements to learners? How do you carry out assessments? How do you compare evidence with set standards? How do you make assessment decisions? How do you record the assessment process and decisions? How do you provide feedback to learners? How do you take part in standardisation processes? What do you do that ensures you take part in continuing professional development? 1. 4 Identify the regulations and requirements relevant to assessment in own area of practice ? How do you ensure you implement the assessment requirements for the awarding organisation (i. e. City and Guilds) or regulatory body (i. e. Ofsted)? ? What do you have to do in order to comply with the above? ? Why do you need to comply with the relevant assessment strategy for that particular qualification? What is the importance of this process? 2. Understand different types of assessment method. 2. 1 Compare the strengths and limitations of a range of assessment methods with reference to the needs of individual learners Looking at a range of assessment methods and their strengths and weaknesses of each. 3. Understand how to plan assessment. 3. 1 Summarise key factors to consider when planning assessment ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? How do you know what standards/criteria to be used when planning assessments? How do you pick what type and volume of evidence is required? How do you decide what assessment method to use? What do you communication to the learner about the assessment plan? What needs to be communicated to other people involved in the assessment process? How do you consider location and resources when planning assessments? How do you decide what time and duration the assessment planning process should take? How do you plan specific learner needs and decide on any support required? How do you manage the assessment process? How do you record the assessment processes and the decisions that you have made? How do you feedback to the learner? How do you comply with the relevant assessment strategy of planning the assessment of a qualification? 3. 2 Evaluate the benefits of using a holistic approach to assessment. ? ? ? ? How can you ensure that you are efficient in the collection of evidence for the learner and for you as an assessor? How can you plan for evidence that can be used for more than one unit? How can you identifying how the learner integrates different areas into their practice to ensure that holistic assessment takes place. Understanding into their practice. 3. 3 Explain how to apply holistic assessment when planning assessment. How do you plan assessments so that a variety of required evidence can be derived from one assessment occasion? 3. 4 Summarise the types of risks that may be involved in assessment in own area of responsibility. How do you ensure that you assess risks in your role as assessor: 3. 5 Explain how to minimise risks through the planning process. How to manage assessments to minimise risks associated with, health and safety, learner stress and potential for inauthentic evidence, collusion, unjustifiable support to the learner, fairness. 4. Understand how to involve learners and others in assessment 4. 1 Explain the importance of involving the learner and others in the assessment process. What are the benefits of involving learners in the assessment process? 4. 2 Summarise types of information that should be made available to learners and others involved in the assessment process. What information should be given to learners and others involved in the assessment process? 4. 3 Explain how peer and self-assessment can be used effectively to promote learner involvement and personal responsibility in the assessment of learning. Why should the learner and others contribute to formative assessment? What are the benefits of the learning developing a sense of ownership over the learning and the assessment process? 4. 4 Explain how assessment arrangements can be adapted to meet the needs of individual learners. What types of adapts regarding assessment may need to take place in order to meet the needs of the following: language requirements / physical disabilities / particular learning needs and working patterns. 5. Understand how to make assessment decisions 5. 1 Explain how to judge whether evidence is valid, authentic, current, and sufficient? 5. 2 How do you ensure that assessment decisions are made against specified criteria and are valid, reliable, and fair? 6. Understand own contribution to the quality assurance of assessment 6. 1 Evaluate the importance of quality assurance in the assessment process How do you ensure that you meet the requirements of quality assurance? How do you ensure the reliability of assessment decisions and the fairness to individual candidates? 6. 2 Summarise quality assurance and standardisation procedures in own area of practice What are the quality assurance and standardisation procedures for the qualifications that you assess? 6. 3 Summarise the relevant procedures to follow when there are disputes concerning assessment in own area of practice. What are the appeals procedures relevant to own area of assessment practice? 7. Understand how to manage information relation to assessment of occupational competence 7. 1 Explain the importance of following procedures for the management of information relating to assessment. How do you ensure that you provide accurate information on learner achievement and contribute to quality and standardisation? How do you ensure that feedback is given to the learner and review the learning progress? How do you maintain records if required in regards to an appeal? 7. 2 Explain how feedback and questioning contributes to the assessment process. How does feedback help the learner develop? 8. Understand the legal and good practice requirements in relation to assessment 8. 1 Explain legal issues, policies and procedures relevant to assessment, including those for confidentiality, health, safety and welfare. What is the organisation, legal and awarding bodies policies and procedures in regards to the following areas: Health and safety, including leaner emotional welfare, confidentiality, transparency, record keeping, equal opportunities and diversity, compliance with the relevant assessment strategy if assessing a qualification.

A Prime Example of Authoritative Parenting Essay Example for Free

A Prime Example of Authoritative Parenting Essay Parental styles have a well-documented influence on children, and play a strong role in a child’s development. Authoritative parenting has been proven to potentially reduce a child’s risk of associating with antisocial peers, and deter engagement in delinquent behavior. Authoritative parenting has also been shown to raise adults that have healthy emotional adjustment and prosocial behavior. My parents used an authoritative parenting style that created a stable, engaging, warm and nurturing childhood for me. I plan on being an authoritative parent. It worked well in my family, and because research both contemporary and historically states that authoritative parenting is the preferable style. My family is an American nuclear family composed of a father, mother and two siblings. My father Jim is a very successful architect and entrepreneur and my mother Michele is the CFO of their businesses, which allowed her to be a stay at home mother for me and my older brother Kristopher. My parents are a solid example of the authoritative parenting style; their parenting style created a stable, engaging, warm and nurturing childhood for me. I believe the productive and effective business relationship they developed as business partners directly influenced how well they parented, and that their experience in joint decision making especially benefited their parenting, and ultimately me as well. Throughout my childhood and adolescence they were a solid authoritative parenting team, which helped them create a home with a lot of structure. Minuchin, as quoted by Omer, Steinmetz, Carthy and Schlippe (2013), says â€Å"Structure plays a crucial role in promoting a stable and secure frame for family life (Minuchin, 1974).† I strongly feel that the structure positively affected my development by minimizing conflict and confusion. I believe my parent’s personalities also greatly influenced why and how they are authoritative parents. My mother is intelligent, articulate, willful, persistent, ethical, logical, and astonishingly organized. My mother has a dominate personality, and is a woman whose actions are generally the result of reason not her emotions, which is rare for women. However, she is an incredibly warm and nurturing mother who has always been emotionally available for me. I feel these positive traits influenced why I generally listened to her advice and direction, as she was a reliable and available mother. I have always immensely respected and loved

Essence Of Informed Consent Nursing Essay

Essence Of Informed Consent Nursing Essay The relationship between a doctor and a patient today is based on the principle of freedom of choice (of doctor, treatment type) which is characteristic of informational relationship model. A new concept has replaced the previously prevailing in medical practice paternalism, when doctor individually, not considering patients opinion, made the decision on the examination and treatment. In the modern system of doctor-patient relationship, a patients right to voluntary informed consent plays an important role. Informed consent, which is a prerequisite for any medical intervention, is a patients voluntary acceptance of treatment after being sufficiently informed by the doctor. The process of obtaining informed consent can be divided into two stages: 1) providing patient with information on the basis of voluntariness and competence and 2) the getting and proper registration of the patients consent (Cohn Larson, 2007). Under the current law a patient has the right to be fully informed (Hoeyer, 2009): about his or her health status (including medical indicators of that state); about the doctors assumed actions, potential risks and benefits of each procedure; about alternatives to the proposed treatment; about the diagnosis, prognosis and course of treatment. When informing a patient, particular attention should be given to the possible risks associated with the course of the recommended treatment. In addition, to make conscious decisions about medical intervention the patient has the right to consult with a disinterested person and get an additional independent opinion on the state of his or her health. The patient also has the right to obtain information about the professional qualities of the person providing medical aid or special care, about the rules that the patient must follow when undergoing treatment and immediately after. The data provided to the patient by the doctor should contain all the necessary information (Schenker, 2011; Sugarman, 2005). Taking into account the principle of voluntariness of obtaining information, the patient has the right to refuse from receiving information about his or her health status or indicate a person who should be informed instead (Felt, 2009). When informing, an important issue is the patients competence and ability to understand the received special medical information. Obviously, information should be communicated to patient in a way consistent with his or her ability to comprehend. It should be differentiated depending on patients individualities and specific circumstances (general health state, educational level, etc.). Explaining the nature of the forthcoming treatment to the patient, it is desirable to use a minimum of medical or technical terms. If necessary, an interpreter should be provided for adequate communication and perception of information about treatment by the patient (Cohn Larson, 2007). At the time of receiving the information the patient should be able to perceive it in order to make conscious decisions about voluntary consent to medical intervention. Informed consent means that the decision should be made on patients own free will without such external factors as coercion; deception; threat; career, financial or other dependency (Cohn Larson, 2007; Sugarman, 2005). The obtained patients consent to medical intervention should be properly recorded. The current law on health care does not provide as a norm a written form of consent, but since getting informed consent is regarded as the right of the patient and therefore implies corresponding obligations of the doctor, the written form of consent is advisable as evidence of doctors execution of his duties. In case of a court issue or a conflict between patient and doctor, the written informed consent of the patient will guarantee objective consideration of the dispute. Literature review In medical literature, an opinion is expressed that informed consent is a doctors means of legal protection, greatly weakening patients legal position and not representing his or her interests fully. Any treatment carried out without patients informed consent is considered illegal, and if it causes harm, the question of obtaining a refund is solved uniquely. The situation changes when a damage occurs after fulfilling the obligation of providing the necessary information to the patient and obtaining the consent. In this situation the plaintiff-patient has to prove the relationship between treatment and harm beyond the limits of informed consent, or disclose the poor quality, insufficiency, or incompleteness of information, only in this case his or her verbal or written consent loses its meaning (Cockcroft, 2009; Felt, 2009; Sugarman, 2005). The current court practice of the dispute between patients and hospitals fully confirms this thesis. The problem can be solved by developing a certain standard of informing a patient about each type of medical intervention taking into account the existing medical standards for the provision of various forms of aid (Cockcroft, 2009). Standard of informing and the unified form of the document for this type of medical intervention can help to prevent or significantly reduce the number of legal disputes over the insufficiency and incompleteness of information provided to the patient. The lack of standard of informing the patient and the unified mechanism of regulation of issues related to its obtaining and registration prevents both the full implementation of the respective rights of a citizen and the protection of medical employees in case of conflict situations (Hoeyer, 2009). Moreover, in recent years a lot of information has appeared that team paternalistic attitude to the patient reduces the effect of therapeutic measures, that openness and collaboration between doctor and patient in making treatment decisions increase patients chances to survive even with the direst diagnoses, including cancer (Cohn Larson, 2007; Schenker, 2011). There is an article (Cunningham Watson, 2004) about the married couple of Simontons, the administrators of Dallas Cancer Center, who have achieved obvious success in treating malignant tumors by developing in patients the attitudes and belief in the possibility of nonspecific treatment of physiotherapy and occupational therapy. Practicing since 1971, the authors of the method managed in 63 out of 159 people condemned by the official medicine to maximum of one year of dying to completely remove the cancer stress (still alive), and help others to at least double their life span making it 24.4 months against 12 in the control g roup of patients treated by standard methods. That is a polar case of a high efficiency of cooperation of doctors and patients (Cunningham Watson, 2004). Due to the increasing number of lawsuits related to poor-quality medical care, unfavorable outcome of medical intervention, many hospitals are developing their own form of the document that displays the patients consent to medical intervention. Practice shows that the most commonly proof of voluntary consent of the patient to medical intervention is registered in case of delivery paid medical services or performing complex interventions, as well as in outpatient clinics that provide dental care. Lately, the principle of informed consent has been actively used in carrying out such interventions as preventive vaccinations. Further, well analyze the concept of informed consent, figuring out its main elements and effects, as well as discuss the implication of the concept in nursing practice. Antecedents, attributes, and consequences of the concept of informed consent The concept of informed consent was born in the fight against paternalism in the relationship between doctor and patient when it was believed that the doctor was all-knowing, wise, stern father, and the patient was an innocent child, who should unquestioningly obey the opinion of elders. Its appearance is associated with two global processes: the development of universal human rights, when with increasing educational and cultural level of the population each individual as a personality has become aware of his uniqueness and value, and the dissemination of market relations in the sphere of medical care, when a doctor gets into the position of the person who sells medical service, and the patient the person buying it (Sugarman, 2005). The bargaining parties are legally equal. In these circumstances, the seller (doctor) should prove himself that the choice made for the patient is the best available and be able to convince the buyer (patient), conveying his own logic of decision in a way that the latter would understand and believe that doctors actions are intended to cure, rather than just pulling the money. Thus, the risk is shared between the parties: the doctor puts his reputation and professional responsibility at risk, and patients put their health and sometimes their life. In general, the concept of informed consent derives from the general concept of individual rights, formulated at the beginning of the century. In particular, it refers to the right of a free citizen (the first and superior to other rights) to the inviolability of his personality, the right to himself implicitly recognized by all the rest (Steinberg, 2009). This law prohibits a doctor to break out his patients bodily integrity without having the permission. By this we mean that the patient is a person who will continue to live after medical penetration with all the consequences produced by it. And there is no legal obligation to the patient to accept the proposed treatment; in addition, laws do not mention that the patient can be subjected to any curative effects without his informed consent. The rights of doctors also do not include mandate to treat someone who is in need of treatment just in the opinion of doctor. The work of a doctor is certainly complicated by the conditions of the legal protection of personality, but the lack of such protection is not good too. For example, a Muslim fundamentalist will die of the idea that he was poured another persons blood when he was in a severe coma, and his relatives will regard it as lethal sacrilege. Thus, the doctrine of informed consent lies in the fact that before the doctor asks the patient to give consent on implementing an individual course of treatment or procedures that are risky, but have alternative options, especially where the chances of success are low, the patient must be provided with the following information (Cohn Larson, 2007; Hoeyer, 2009): what the proposed procedures are, and what they involve; what the risks and benefits of recommended measures are, specifically emphasizing the danger level of the most adverse outcomes (death or severe disability); what alternative ways of treatment and their risks are; what will happen if a patient do not start or delay treatment; which the probability of success is and what kind of success is expected by the doctor; what possible difficulties and duration of rehabilitation are; what other related information can be provided (answers to patients questions, posing similar cases from doctors experience, etc.) The patients are to be informed about the serious risks that increase their liability in the choice of consent to treatment or alternative treatment or in the direction of the full withdrawal from it. For example, the probability of death 1:10 000 should be mentioned, and the probability of postoperative non-threatening complications may not be mentioned. From a legal point of view, the doctrine increases patients self-involvement and self-determination in decision making and thus, increases its validity. The market buyer-seller relations are supplemented by the specific component of personal trust of the patient towards the doctor. The patient believes that the doctor gives him the full amount of information needed for the success of treatment. Thus, the relationship may assume the character of paternalism: the patient entrusts his fate to doctor at a level children entrust themselves to the care of parents. But this is no longer the same command paternalism that was specific for the past soulless administrative management systems. Still, a lot of discussions are focused around the question on how often patients need to be asked for permission. Courts consider that patients are to be asked in all cases fraught with any serious complications, infection, changes in appearance, etc. For example, a pregnant woman was treated by a dermatologist on a case of spots on her face. The doctor applied the traditional methods, without considering pregnancy, and the spots became more vivid on therapy. The court found the doctor guilty, as he did not see a serious reason for treatment and exposed a pregnant woman to unnecessary risk. First of all, courts ask their experts how necessary the treatment was and whether it did not involve additional risks which could be more significant than the expected success (Walker, 2008). Lawyers also in all cases try to find out whether the patients consent was competent, voluntary, and based on clear information. The problem the competence of concerns both parties. The doctor should not go beyond his competence in explanations. For example, the risk for complex anesthesia should be explained by an anesthesiologist. At the same time, every adult patient should a priori be considered legally competent listener, if he has no restrictions on capacity and is not under the acute influence of alcohol, drugs, etc. The question of the competence of the decision often arises in cases of deliberate incompetence of patients (children, persons found legally incapable because of mental disorders, moronity, senile dementia, etc.). Here, a decision is made by the same schemes with the participation of parents or guardians. For example, regarding homelessness people, the decisions are made by specially authorized social workers. If the family or of the guardianship have no consensus, the question of a single custodian is decided by court (Steinberg, 2009). Voluntariness lies in the fact that when making decisions, especially when signing a written consent or refusal, the patient was not subject to any external pressure (threats, bribery, onerous financial terms). Understanding of the provided information can be difficult to prove, which in judicial practice is known as an example of denial of earlier given evidence. Often the patient finally remembers that the choice was made by him voluntarily (Felt, 2009). But if the doctor initially failed to reconcile the expectations of the patient from treatment with the possibilities of modern therapy, it becomes difficult to resolve such conflicts. There are 4 main cases when the doctrine of informed consent may not be applied: 1. In case of emergency care, where any delay threatens the life or preservation of the health of the patient; 2. If the risks are negligibly low and are well known to all the citizens (e.g., risks of blood test); 3. If the patient knowingly refuses to listen to information about the likelihood of death or severe disability (such a refusal is preferably set down). 4. If the doctor believes that the patient cannot psychologically bear the informational trauma from the message on the discovered disease or health state. In this case, the doctor should ask the patient to whom he entrusts the discussion of health problems and future treatment. In modern terms, this occasion is resorted rarely. It would also be wrong to introduce the patient to treatment, allowing him to read professional literature (Schenker, 2011). Such reading could cause the effect of Mark Twain, who, reading the Encyclopaedia Britannica, discovered he had all the diseases, except for puerperal fever. Besides, the language of medical literature is complicated for an average patient. It can only complexity the understanding of what the patient has to move through and what results he has to wait for and when. However, hospitals and clinics have an internal profilization, and for each doctor, there is a small collection of some standardized technologies and procedures, the description of which is easy in the framework of adopted treatment schemes and within the language understandable to an average literate competent patient. In these booklets of internal use, a patient can find the information on risks, alternatives, and consequences of refusing from treatment. Literate patients are provided with booklets and others come through interviews with nurses (Cohn Larson, 2007; Schenker, 2011). Conclusion. Implications for nursing Nursing personnel makes up the largest category of health workers, and the effectiveness of health care institutions largely depends on their professional knowledge and skills. Important functions of the nursing staff are informing patients about their rights and responsibilities when receiving medical aid, about medical interventions conducted by nursing staff including information about the associated risks, options for medical intervention, their consequences and outcomes of treatment (Higgins Daly, 2002). Discussing situation with the patient and possible ways of its improvement, the nurse should consider the significant point that the patient has the right to accept or reject the suggested treatment and care after receiving the necessary information. Therefore, he should be informed about everything that happened to him, everything that will be done, that he himself or his relatives will have to do, and give the consent. Further, the plan can only include the problems, goals and interventions agreed by the patient. It is desirable that the informed consent of the patient was recorded in nursing documentation. In our case the patient cannot speak, but he understands everything and can by any gesture confirm his consent. The nurse must not only respect the rights of the patient but also tell him about his rights (Higgins Daly, 2002; Informed consent for research in critical care: implications for nursing, 2006). The nurse should write down all nursing interventions, actions on addressing the problem, into a report (usually on the reverse side of the page with the plan). This helps to monitor the activities of nurses and to provide continuity, so that the next shift nurse knew what has been done and what needs to be done. The plan of nursing interventions is made by the nurse, who was on the shift when the patient arrived, but during a shift of some other nurse some additional problems may occur. Then the nurse formulates goals and nursing interventions, and inserts an extra sheet into the folder kept for each patient. If the problem is solved, the corresponding sheet is replaced to the bottom of the folder (Ulrich, 2010). It is recognized around the world that the quality of health care depends not only on doctors, but also on the professional nursing care. Therefore after discharging a patient, all the documentation on the nursing process is stored in the archive together with patient record. It is desirable that a patient had a copy of the plan of nursing interventions, so that he could estimate progress on the way to recovery. In any case, the nurse should discuss the situation with the patient and his relatives, show positive changes, etc. (Higgins Daly, 2002; Ulrich, 2010) In any case, nursing interventions can be very diverse, but one of the major responsibilities of nurses is to clarify the patients understanding of purpose and progress of the upcoming treatment and his consent to the procedure. In general, the doctrine of informed consent is the most modern form of the union of medicine with the people, the reflection of the most humane inclusion of medicine for the benefit of living, constantly renewing humanity. Only the further development of the principle of voluntary informed consent to medical intervention, its wide application in medical institutions can help to protect the legal rights and interests of both patients and medical professionals.

Sociolinguistics of Australian English Essay -- Essays Papers

Sociolinguistics of Australian English Behind every language lies a fascinatingly intricate structure, which contains much more than a simple set of symbols. Language is not merely a code used to switch a text from one idiom to another, but an entity with its own complex, intriguing characteristics. In fact, exact translations do not even exist from one language to another because every dialect possesses unique aspects that have come about from centuries of social change and interaction. In return, language, through everyday speech, as well as literature, shapes society. Therefore, â€Å"language is one of the most powerful emblems of social behavior.†[1] From this idea emerged sociolinguistics, one of the most important fields of study in today’s world of increasing international relations. Sociolinguistics studies the relationships between the way a society functions and its language. Areas of the field include, but are certainly not limited to, pidgins and creoles, gender relations, eco nomic status, and age. Researchers examine both the effects of social factors on language, and the effects of language on society. The contemporary world is bringing many people of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds together, perhaps more than any other period of history. Thus, the study of fields such as semiotics, linguistics, and sociolinguistics is crucial to gain a better understanding of how languages are created and how they bring meaning to the world. Australian English, referred to hereafter as AE, exemplifies the mutual influence exerted upon language and society. AE is not only a unique manner of speaking, even from other English dialects, but also an entirely distinct manner of individ... ... English. Sydney: Reed Education, 1972. 67. [13] Seal, Graham. The Lingo: Listening to Australian English. Sydney: Univeristy of New South Wales Press, 1999. 23. [14] Horne, Donald. Forward. Macquarie Dictionary. 2nd ed. Arthur Delbridge et al, eds. McMahons Point, New South Wales: Macquarie Library, 1991. [15] Mitchell and Delbridge 44. [16] Keesing, Nancy. Lily on the Dustbin: Slang of Australian Women and Families. Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books, 1982. [17] Pauwels, Anne. â€Å"Gender Differences in Australian English.† Language in Australia. Ed. Suzanne Romaine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. [18] Turner 34. [19] Mitchell and Delbridge 5. [20] Bernard and Delbridge. [21] Bernard and Delbridge. [22] Turner 11. [23] Adams, Phillip. â€Å"US ‘R Us.† City Weekly. 24 July 2003. [24] Horne xi.

Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy :: Philosophy of Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy I think being a teacher is one of the most interesting positions there are because you are able to see children grow and learn from day to day. You are able to help them reach understanding of curriculum that they had never heard of before. Also when you get tied up in all the stresses of life, children help you stay young mentally by their care free child world of play, laughter, and smiles. I love to be around children because they are full of life, comical, unpredictable, and help you to be more positive through life’s twists and turns. I desire to be a teacher so I can help children reach their highest potential and encourage them to keep reaching higher. I want to be able to teach children in an interesting, fun, and progressive way. I plan to be a teacher of eclecticism because I feel in order to help children be well rounded individuals we need to give them a well rounded education, that is one structured with various activities. First, I want to teach from some aspects of the progressivism style which focuses on respect for individuality, high regard for science, and learning from experience. I want to teach the children in my classroom to have respect for each other. This is a quality that will help them to be successful in society because if they respect others, then others will have respect for them. Having respect for others also shows that they have respect for themselves. I also want children to learn by hands-on activities. I will direct them from step to step and demonstrate how to do each step in the activities they perform. These activities make learning more interesting for the children because the children are able to get involved instead of just always watching the teacher do everything. Speaking of the children getting involved, they can really get involved when learning in a different atmosphere when on field trips. I feel taking children on field trips is an effective learning experience for them because it allows children to get out of the classroom setting and learn from a different perspective. In addition I want to focus on sciences because they are an important area in the knowledge of children. I think this growing area of our society should be focused on thoroughly because science advances and improves everyday and I feel children should be aware of their changing world.

Euthanasia Essay - Assisted Suicide -- Euthanasia Physician Assisted S

Assisted Suicide/Euthanasia      Ã‚   Remarkably, few have noticed that frail, elderly and terminally ill people oppose assisted suicide more than other Americans. The assisted-suicide agenda is moving forward chiefly with vocal support from the young, the able-bodied and the affluent, who may even think that their parents and grandparents share their enthusiasm. They are wrong.    Thus the assisted suicide agenda appears as a victory not for freedom, but for discrimination. At its heart lie demeaning attitudes and prejudices about the value of life with an illness or disability. All who believe in the dignity of human beings should reject such attitudes.    When people raise their voices against this injustice, let no one say that they are "imposing" their values on others. Opponents of euthanasia are standing with those who are vulnerable and marginalized, those who often lack a voice in our nation's policies and are at serious risk of having some demeaning and lethal "values" imposed on them from the outside. Moreover, it is a source of pride that some are "inside" this issue as few others are. Christian hospitals, hospices and nursing homes, as well as Christian physicians, nurses, chaplains and others who work in secular institutions, are on the front lines in providing compassionate care for suffering patients. They know, as we do, that the humane approach to dying patients is to eliminate their physical suffering and other problems, not to eliminate the patient. They know, as Pope John Paul II has said, that "true 'compassion' leads to sharing another's pain; it does not kill the person whose suffering we cannot bear" [The Gospel of Life, 66].    Christian conferences file briefs in pending Supreme Cou... ... "Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: attitudes and experiences of oncology patients, oncologists, and the public." 347 The Lancet 1805 (June 29, 1996):1809   Humphry, Derek. "What's in a word?" Euthanasia Research & Guidance Organization 1993, Table 1-A.   Koenig, Dr. Harold et al.. "Attitudes of Elderly Patients and their Families Toward Physician-Assisted Suicide." 156 Archives of Internal Medicine 2240 (Oct. 28, 1996)   Lee v. Oregon, 891 F.Supp. 1429 (D. Or. 1995), vacated on other grounds, 107 F.3d 1382 (9th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 328 (1997).   "Poll Shows More Would Support Law Using Gentler Language," TimeLines (Jan.-Feb. 1994):9   Washington v. Glucksberg, 117 S. Ct. 2258, 2262 n. 7 (1997. -- -- --. 117 S. Ct. at 2272, quoting United States v. Rutherford, 442 U.S. 544, 558. 1979.   Washington Post, April 4, 1996.

The Economy Essay

The economy has been something really important to society because of how much it’s affected our daily lives. Not to mention The Great Depression, which was something huge that happened in history. Most presidents had tried to fix the economy in whatever way but they couldn’t fix everything. A lot of Americans faced hardships due to a bad economy at different points in history. It would also be considered a hardship to the government, because of their involvement and what they went through.First, getting into The Great Depression we see that it had a huge impact on society being that it wasn’t forgotten about it had given rise to new departures in economic theory. (Rothermund, 1996) It caused free trade among different countries to be depleted at the time affecting those other countries and leading them on to lose growth. It’s no doubt that The Great Depression didn’t only affect America but other countries were also very hurt. The monetary theory w as introduced with the quantity of money supplied at the time, with introducing a gold standard it was thought to help us out in this tough time.If we could use gold bars in place of cash to help provide for the country it was said we’d be better off. Supply and demand was a big factor, being that it was needed to stimulate the economy. It didn’t help that people weren’t buying anything for the circulation of cash to dwindle through it’s cycle, and therefore help boost the economy. That, in turn caused wages to be lowered hurting that average Joe. International trade had gone up, all the countries were hurting so bad that they had no choice but to raise the price of goods to make the money that they were in need of.From that, countries had no choice but to buy the goods, so they had to go into debt from putting their purchases on credit. At the time pressure was put on the peasant farmer who already wasn’t making a whole lot of money had been taxed heavily due to the need of produce screwing him both ways. Debt, not only has an effect on the past but also the future. When people look into how much debt a person has it has a detrimental impact on lending them money. Also, countries in debt had used gold as a means of trade because they had no choice with the creditors seeing how much they owed reflected back on them giving no choice but too.Taxation was another big thing that affected the duration of The Great Depression. With high taxes, it was a big factor because it played into economy causing different companies and corporations to not bounce back or recover that quickly. Something that affected the economy during the time is war debts from our allies that owed us billions of dollars and we needed it back. It would’ve helped stimulate the economy if they had paid those back in that time of need. During The Great Depression Harlem had become a place for many famous poets, musicians, or famous black figure to move to. Â  (Greenberg, 1997)Also, black political activity had gone up during this time all this causing the Harlem Renaissance. During the 1920s, the population of blacks in Manhattan had gone from 5 to 12 percent. Then by 1930 55 percent of all foreign blacks lived in New York City. Harlem was looked at as the greatest black city in the world, and had a lot of positive energy. Through all the unequal rights blacks had at the time, it caused unemployment to rise in Harlem and the crime rate had increased due to low wages and unemployment both.The discrimination was so bad that blacks were getting such high rental rates due to the landlords being racist. Also, the quality of houses built were very unsafe, and poor that many found it hard to find a place to live. Blacks looked forward to when others would move out of their own homes so that way they would have a nicer place to live if they got to it in time. The large population of Harlem at the time had been because of migrants needing a b etter place to live and problems from where they came seeking opportunity in this area.The problem that most blacks faced was coming into the area without an education. Unfortunately blacks were discriminated so much in the workplace that they had such low quality positions and couldn’t even be granted supervisor position. Close to 70 percent of all black women in the 1920s were employed with jobs such as domestic and personal services. When the stock market crashed it had affected blacks more than whites. It also had a bigger impact on unskilled workers due to them being more concentrated on in their ranks. Malnutrition had affected so many at this time due to unemployment and low wages.At this time child labor rose to help support their families, as did theft leading to young juveniles. A lot of people had started to apply for aid for the first time in their lives. Having a need for it was a major thing, so people were hoping to get a descent amount of support. With everyth ing going on, different organizations came out and helped struggling families. Such as the Salvation Army providing shelter, food, and clothing. Also there was churches that were helping out the community in whatever way they could. At the year 1933 about 25 percent of the workplace was unemployed.Then in 1940 the numbers changed to 15 percent of the workplace not finding any work. It was proven at the time among black families that the father and son were both working. Their wages and hours worked were also so low that expenses were higher than the amount they had earned. Britain had emerged as more of a world power in the late nineteenth century with how well things went with the military and economic trade and colonial centers all helped this. (Bryan, 2010) Other countries at the time had been seeking Britain’s ways and wanted to be more like them as they were considered a role model.From the early 1870s to the 1890s most of the world have been going through lowering price s, and they called it a Great Depression. This caused a lot of discontent, and wealth to be transferred from the debtor to the creditor. Many in America had complained about the government not letting them have the free mining of silver and it leading to why the money was in such bad shape because of not being able to trade gold. At this time tariffs were tacked on to imported goods, this made domestic goods cheaper than imported goods causing producers to buy domestic instead of foreign.In Britain, protectionist ideas and expansion had up surged when there was competition in the marketplace from Americans and Germans. The governments in France, Russia, Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary had based their economic systems on promoting and protecting industry. Many countries had tried what they could to adopt the gold standard, to protect their developing countries by blocking imports, promoting exports, and de-valuing their currencies. Military spending had in part contributed to wor ldwide inflation.Also, the amount of gold production had increased all around the world when people saw a need for it. Only with military power could countries like Japan be considered full civilized since they were ignorant of nearly all methods of production. Not only gold but also iron at the time were models that shaped state currency choices, and influenced decisions as far as colonies and tariffs went. Not only was the gold standard a primary use for international money, but trade and precious metals were also. Gold had an advantage with it’s exchanged rates being fixed.The government had established centralized banks that were under the expansion of the gold standard, so they couldn’t be state controlled. Prior to the nineteenth century the use of a silver over gold was more of a worldwide currency. When more countries had seen how effective gold was they had adopted the same standards and it’s not until the 1890s that it became common around the globe wi th people adopting the gold standard. London was considered the world’s financial center, but they also had way higher interest rates then France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.The lend-lease act was passed on March 11, 1941. (U. S. Congress, 2013) This act would allow the U. S. to lend or lease war supplies to any nation that was in dire need of help, and that was important to the defense of the United States. When Winston Churchill had 11 navy warships destroyed in 1940, he looked for help through President Roosevelt. Roosevelt was smart and responded by the exchange of 50 of our destroyers for 99 year leases on British bases in the Caribbean and Newfoundland. At the time, Roosevelt had promised to keep America out of war.In 1941, Roosevelt had signed a military aid bill for Britain to help support them and what they were doing overseas. It was considered buying and not lending, since they were becoming a vital aid to us at the time. It was a time to prepare for war, many di dn’t know it yet but Roosevelt was buying security for the meantime pretty much. The United States at this time was nowhere near being ready for war. As far as training, and being unprepared and unarmed. It was time for the United States to get ready for something major to happen.This was the start of us having allies, and forming more of an alliance with other countries overseas. With the end of the Second World War 1945, many Americans had feared for the economy to plunge into another Great Depression. (Rosenberg, 2003) Which turned out to not be true, there ended up being a demand for consumer goods, and investment goods. Even modernization and expansion, housing and exports were in demand. The war had shown that the federal government could have a positive effect on the economy.Toward the end of President Eisenhower’s years there was high levels of unemployment in addition to really high inflation these occurred simultaneously. During this time, many youth were sen t back to school, and women back to the kitchen. It was in response to employment, with jobs now wanting to hire people with more of an education, and those not having full time housekeeping responsibilities were more in demand in the workplace. The business community had said the path to employment would be better achieved through the private sector.By the end of 1945, there was very few production controls that had remained. It was thought by that happening it would lead to a more successful peace time economy. Things were looking up for individuals, they were able to spark an increase in purchasing consumer goods, and housing. What really helped was the Income Tax Act of 1945 which lowered people’s income taxes leaving them with more money to spend. Also, a high demand for American exports was something that the U. S. needed. Truman had considered economic growth to be really important for economic policy to grow.He wasn’t clear how this was to happen but wanted to make an effort to make it happen. In 1950 the Truman administration had raised taxes to fight inflation and also finance the war. Something important was to stop the spread of communism, Truman believed that this could be done. After the Korean War in 1953, the amount of defense spending had lowered tremendously. Which really helped since Eisenhower wanted to lower federal spending, he said the government’s role should be to foster price stability. A balanced budget was well looked on at the time, it was thought of as a really good thing.If we had a balanced budget, then we could have a budget deficit that would look more positive. It is said that economists have a notion of defining art, and it’s more in the back of their heads causing an influence on their findings. (Abbing, 2002) Something that’s kind of funny, is when you go out to museums or art galleries, you’re looking for the price tag but can’t seem to find it, or you try finding a store c lerk but they are hiding out somewhere. It’s because of the cost of artwork, it’s not cheap causing people to be ashamed of the price when selling it.Art really draws back people when they see the price tag, but in reality artist think their art is special that’s why a lot of them have trouble when thinking of how much they want to price their painting. Cost’s in the arts rise faster than any other production sector, but value is really hard to determine at times because art is something so beautiful to a lot of people. Unfortunately, the government only seems to support art because it has no choice but to. Ex- artists have explained that they made a big mistake when switching to a different career, they felt like they lived in the world of art.So, it was a lot of positive energy, a happy lifestyle and it seemed to help calm people down when they would work on their art piece. The difference with artists is that they rely more on donation then income, the y are going against others so they have more of a challenge with having the piece of the art that somebody else would really want. Artists have really changed society for the better with everything that they created, people can keep in their homes and it reminds them of the person who made it, when looking at that piece of art. In the 1990s the U. S.economy had expanded significantly, it being from the higher tax rates in place. (Harris, 2010) Something that had helped the boost in the economy was how well productivity in Information Technology had expanded and investment in Information Technology equipment. It had no bearing on tax decisions, but it was seen as something unique and unanticipated. With the production of I. T. computers, and software the jobs went up and that explained the surge of economic expansion. More people were wanting a computer, or some type of I. T. which caused more of a demand and gave people a lot of work which was great.It was looked at, with a more pos itive feedback from the marketplace had been a big factor with the 1990s economic expansion. Also, when more production was in effect that had caused I. T. software and devices to be lowered in price because of the advancements. Causing the businesses and consumers to have more of an increased investment. The lessons learned were that the past doesn’t predict the future. Just because something was more successful with economic expansion in the past doesn’t mean it’ll be just as effective in the future.This last month in October 2013, the job growth has surged with the U. S. economy adding 204,000 jobs. (Kurtz, 2013) Which was in fact a big surprise with the government shutdown at the beginning of October because government failing to come up with a budget for fiscal year 2014. That lasted for 16 days, and had 800,000 federal employees temporarily out of work. Since September 2012 the government has been buying $85 billion in bonds each month as an effort to stre ngthen the job market.It may seem like the economy has gotten a lot better but in fact all the jobs lost since the Great Recession still haven’t been restored. The unemployment rate at this time is close to eleven percent. The government had also cut 12,000 jobs with a third of them being postal service jobs. In conclusion, we see that the economy plays a vital role in our everyday lives. It has a big impact on what jobs are available, how much a person will be taxed, a person’s wages, and it plays a role with government spending. As we have seen, government spending has seemed to go up sky high when the economy would be in decline.Also, a lot of Americans went through many hardships when their wages were garnished, or they were unemployed leaving many with very low standards of living, malnutrition, hard lifestyle, and overall tough times. There was many different decisions by presidents that had to be made throughout 1865 to present. It was not easy for them to decid e what would help our economy. The way it was seen, was that most if not all did a great job with trying to boost the economy, and even though they weren’t able to accomplish what they wanted, it still made a huge difference in many lives.

Executive Coaching: Humanistic Perspective Essay

It is a matter of fact that executive coaching is of great importance in our swiftly changing business and everyday life. Actually, I agree with Mary’s point of view that humanistic perspective should be used in business environment. I think that future leaders and top managers should pay more attention to this perspective. Moreover, working people should be encouraged to realize that they are provided with choices which direct their life. And executive coachers help people to choose the best suited options for them. As for me, humanistic perspective of executive coaching is that it refers to psychoanalysis aimed at finding the most effective ways of performance because coaches don’t simply tell how to behave or what to do; instead they allow you to realize what you need to do. Executive coaching assists many people in sharpening their skills. Coaching helps people who know what they want, but don’t know how to achieve the desired outcome. This approach also helps when sudden or unexpected changes occur in work environment as coaching helps people to adapt to innovations and to cope with new challenges. Furthermore, executive coaching finds new ways of solving old problems. I think that Mary is right when saying that â€Å"the humanistic perspective of executive coaching is when people are seen as having a choice in how they respond to their environment† as humanistic approach suggest wide range of possible choices and directions of one problem. It is argued that awareness helps many people to see that they are provided with choices and I am sure that we have to cultivate this skill. Awareness gives the sense of responsibility and power over the choices to be made. Due to humanistic perspective people realize that choices are inevitable part of work environment and everyday life. The primary benefit of executive coaching is that it makes people think of their own experiences, not others. Summing up, I support Mary’s opinion and think that executive coaching provides really positive viewpoint of human nature.

Conceptual Definition of Family

Ingredients for a Family Family is a group of people who can love another person beside himself or herself, give and gain trust, and accept each other for who they are. When people love one another, they’re not concerned about themselves. Being selfless allows more room for love. In a family, members are able to compromise with the ones they love, in order to make the relationship work. Without trust, a family cannot confide in one another. Trusting the members of within the family shows the respect that they have for each other.Respect and trust unite families, giving them a sense of understanding for one another. Being accepted by the family makes people feel assured that they are loved. Diversity in a family also is a part of acceptance, which makes them feel more comfortable. Diversity may also cause conflict, not only in a family but also in social situations. There are many different qualities that make up a family. Love isn’t just an emotion; it’s a feelin g and a sense of comfort. Being surrounded by a family that loves one another is one of the best feelings in the world.Love is the one of the most important qualities a family must have. If there were no love in the family, no one would get along or want to be near each other. In the painting Freedom from Want, by Normal Rockwell, you can see the love between the family through the picture. Everyone is smiling and excited to be around each other (Rockwell 23). You can tell that they love being around everyone because they keep a smile on their faces, which shows happiness. Being loved and loving someone else are two different concepts. Being able to love someone other than oneself takes time and effort.The more time spent between families, the move love begins to grow. I consider love being like a tree. As the tree grows it becomes stronger and larger. The same analogy goes for love between families. As the family grows together, the love between the members gets stronger. Selflessn ess in a family helps the family grow stronger as a whole. It’s nice to care about yourself once in a while but when someone is a part of a family they should care about everyone. Taking care of a family sometimes challenges the members in it.At times you have to give up certain things that may be important to you for another member of the family. There are times in my family when one of us has to sacrifice going out or canceling plans for another member in my family. When my parents want to go out, I have to cancel plans with my friends to watch my sister, but I don’t mind because I know that they sacrifice plans for me all the time. That’s just apart of being selfless. An Indian Story shows a good example of selflessness. Roger Jack states, â€Å"That’s when I walked into her life like a newborn Mathew or Grandpa or the baby she never had† (53).Aunt Greta, from â€Å"An Indian Story† sacrificed having children of her own or remarrying beca use she wanted to take care of her nephew. She knew that she could help him move forward in life and that it would make him happy to live there so welcomed him into her home. By her being selfless, the boy was able to grow up doing well in school, learned from his mistakes, and went to college. Because of Aunt Greta’s actions the boy was able to do well for himself. If everyone in a family were selfish than no one would actually care about anybody.If Aunt Greta were selfish and didn’t allow the boy to live with her, he most likely would have dropped out of school like this stepbrother. To deal with his family issues, he probably would have gotten into drugs and or fights with other kids from his area. If his family was selfish, they wouldn’t of cared about his grades or his feelings, but Aunt Greta wasn’t selfish, she took the love that she had for the boy and took him in to help him grow as a person. Being selfless plays a big part in society also. If a person is brought up being selfless it reflects on the person they are outside of the family.In the article by Anne Lidberg she writes, â€Å"Instead of watching parades on TV or simply chatting, the Yanchunises’ spent the day serving turkey and the trimmings to hundreds of homeless people at the St. Vincent de Paul food center† (Lindberg). Their ritual has been going on for 10 years straight. The children were brought up in a home with parents who were far from selfish. By being selfless at home, they were able to teach their children to be selfless also in society. The love that the children have for their parents reflects on the selflessness that they have. Compromise within a family also ties into being selfless.When compromising with another person in the family, they can make deals that end up working for the both of them. In the visual portfolio there is a picture of a woman with her seven young children. In this picture you can infer that she is a single mother who takes care of her children to the best of her ability (74). This woman is forced to make compromises all of the time just to be able to take care of her children. When my uncle had gotten a divorce he had taken full custody of my cousin Anthony. Being a single parent with a young boy and a full time job became very difficult for him at times.My uncle was still young at the time himself, while all his friends were out in the social scene he was home, watching movies, playing games and cooking for his son. My uncle made may compromises for his son, not because he had too, but because he loved him more than anything. Compromise in a family keeps things fair and understandable. Being the only person in a family that gets to do or get what they want makes the others in the family want to envy and rebel against that member. If you’re able to compromise within the family you can keep everyone happy.Trust isn’t just about knowing someone can keep your secrets, it’s about knowing someone will be there for you when you need to talk, or knowing that they will stick around during your ups and downs. The boy from â€Å"An Indian Story† trusted his Aunt with his wellbeing. The boy also respected his aunt enough to realize that his decision to drink and get into a fight was wrong. He knew that she trusted him to make right decisions and when he went against her, he understood what he had done wrong. If there were no trust between the two he wouldn’t have cared that he went against her wishes.All that she had taught him would have been a waste of her time if she couldn’t trust him. Without trust there is no relationship. Trust is a main ingredient of a family but you also need to have respect for your family. Respecting your elders is a common saying that is used. Although respecting the members of your family that are older than you is important, you should respect all of your family no matter of their age. In the article by Kel ly Weber she states, â€Å"It is important to note that I was given this privacy because I earned it† (Weber).Kelly believes that children and teens should be respected enough to have their privacy once in a while. Although her thoughts on privacy are strong, she also makes it known that she had to earn her privacy by respecting her parents (Weber). Privacy is something that all teens strive to have, including myself. As we get older, we want to be treated as more of an adult and want to be able to be left alone when needed. Privacy is only given if someone is able to trust and respect the other. If someone wants respect, it has to be given. Aunt Greta not only respects her nephew, but his father as well.In the story â€Å"An Indian Boy,† Roger Jack is asked what he plans to do with his life and responds, â€Å"I want to be like you† (54). Aunt Greta didn’t have an issue with the boy’s father; she didn’t think that she was a better role mode l than him. She reminded him that he had a father to think about and look up too. She respected his father enough to remind him that he had a male figure in his life that he could follow in the footsteps of (54). Respect is shared throughout the whole family and is well shown in Roger Jack’s story. Without respect there is no love. When someone doesn’t respect the people around him or her, they won’t be respected.Doing and saying what they want can sometimes harm others because they are inconsiderate. That type of disrespect will not gain someone the respect that they would like to have. When people inside the family do not respect each other, there will be no love shared between the family. Everyone deserves give and gain respect. Being respected and trusted within your family unites everyone and gives everyone a well understanding of each other. Uniting the family doesn’t necessarily mean doing planned out events, it can simply be sharing the dayâ€℠¢s events with each other or eating at the dinner table.In the article by Mary Atuheire she states, â€Å"Brenda Ninsiima has a big and closely knit extended family, so as long as she remembers, she has always spent Christmas with the whole family in the village with her grannies† (Atuheire). Brenda’s family unites on holiday’s to spend time with each other. Some families are only able to spend holidays with each other, while other families like the boy from â€Å"An Indian Story,† can see their family members at any time. Although the boy had already moved out of his home, still was able to unite with his father and ask for advice after he had gotten arrested for drinking in Calgary (55-56).His father had given him the advice that he needed and listened to him while he talked about his hard times. Even though he had moved out, he still was welcomed into his father’s home, uniting the two once again. If his father had shunned him for his home he wo uldn’t of been able to reunite with him. A family that can’t unite with each other won’t want to spend time together. It’s important to unite with ones family once in a while, just to show that they still love being around one another. Being accepted within the family for who they are is an important boost to someone’s confidence.No matter what the outside world thinks of you, your family will always accept the person you are. To be accepted is to feel loved and appreciated. In the story â€Å"Looking For Work,† Soto didn’t think that his family was accepted by the outside world. He watched TV shows that showed the perfect American family, but what he didn’t realize was that those TV shows aren’t reality, no family is perfect. Soto’s family accepted each other for who they were. Although they had no money, no materialistic items, and didn’t live the life shown on TV they were still a family that loved each other through their hard times.If Soto’s family couldn’t accept their living situation or one another they wouldn’t have been a family (26-31). Without acceptance there would have been no support system or feeling of comfort. Diversity can be within a family or out in society. Diversity is to be different; not like the rest. Whether being diverse within your family means that you have a different sexual preference, different religion, or different heritage, your family will still accept you for the person you are. Soto’s sister expresses. â€Å"They’ll never like us† (Soto 30).Soto’s idealistic family was the white American families that were shown on comic television shows. These families would all be dressed for dinner, had toys that would fill their closets, didn’t get beatings or got into arguments, and were kissed and tucked into bed every night. His family was the typical Mexican American family back in the 1950’s that weren’t respected, had no money, and had to work for the bare minimum. Soto believed that the differences between his family and normal American families, was the reason why in his mind, his family was â€Å"wrong†.Without diversity, all families would be alike, all traditions would be the same, they’re would be no differences. When everyone is the same, life becomes boring. The best part about having diversity in this world is for the simple fact that everyone can learn about different things from each other. Although diversity is a big part of being a family, so is conflict. In situations of conflict aren’t always within the family, but within society also. Some people in the world don’t accept the fact that people are different which causes conflict. In the article by E. W.Carp states â€Å" Leading experts challenges the myth that lesbians and gay men are unfit to adopt† (Carp 1539). Being apart of a family with same sex parents cau ses conflict in society. Some people in this world are unable to understand that no matter what sex people are, they are still capable of having and raising a family with all the love they have inside of them. Some families who have a mother and a father are more unfit to raise a family than families with two mothers or two fathers. Gays and lesbians are afraid to try and adopt because of the conflict they might cause in society.Diversity in society may cause conflict but, conflict makes the world grow, making it not so much of a negative aspect. Soto on the other hand, causes a conflict within his family when he brings up his idea to get dressed up for dinner. Although he is considering the fact of trying to act more sophisticated, his sister believes that he shouldn’t care what people think of their family because, society will never like them for who they are (Soto 29). Even though Soto started a conflict between siblings, people in this world will start an argument becaus e of the way some one acts or looks.Some may think that a family that doesn’t deal with conflict is a drama free family, but without a conflict once in a while a family wouldn’t be able to overcome their problems together. These conflicts, either external or internal, make a family stronger. A family joins together as one to love, trust and accept each other through even the hardest of times. Love within families is the largest component to making up a family. Consider love like a tree, the branches are made of selflessness, compromise, trust, respect, unity, acceptance, diversity, and conflict.Without the branches on the tree, it wouldn’t look like a tree. The same goes for a family. Love without the rest of the components wouldn’t be considered a family. Family in my opinion, are the only people who welcomed you into this world and will be the only people who stay by your side through the journey life brings. It’s important to always remember tha t your family will love you for what you do, trust you to do your best, and accept you for who you are. Works Cited Carp, E. W. â€Å"Adoption By Lesbians and Gay Men: A New Dimension in Family Diversity. CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries. Apr. 2012: 1539+. General OneFile. Web. 25 June 2012. â€Å"Family Values – Bonds of Unity and Love. † Africa News Service 19 Dec. 2011. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 28 June 2012. Jack, Roger. â€Å"An Indian Story. † Rereading America. 8th Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedford, 2010. 52-60. Print. Lindberg, Anne. â€Å"A FAMILY SERVES UP KINDNESS; This holiday ritual is a feast of selflessness. † St. Petersburg Times [St. Petersburg, FL] 27 Nov. 2009: 1B. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 28 June 2012.Rockwell, Norman. â€Å"Freedom from Want. † Rereading America. 8th Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedford, 2010. (23). Prin t. Soto, Gary. â€Å"Looking for Work. † Rereading America. 8th Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedford, 2010. 26-31. Print. â€Å"Visual Portfolio. † Rereading America. 8th Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedford, 2010. 74. Print. Weber, Kelly. â€Å"Teens Should Have a Right to Privacy That Is Earned. † Teens and Privacy. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Current Controversies. Web. 25 June 2012.