Hitler Speech

My fellow Germans, recently I have been granted the privilege of Chancellor of Germany this January (1933). I am here to pick this Reich off its feet. With constant inflation and poor managing of the people, I will rescue this country. Thankfully, President Hindering realized what traits the best dictatorship obtained. I am the best for all the things I will achieve and how I will reshape and build this country. A leader is someone who directs people and leads them towards their goals. I promise to restore our pride.We need to be peaceful, yet brave, determined, and yet obedient. To my German boys, Joining the Nazi Party will help regain spirit for men. Also, for everyone, we can purify ourselves from those ho take advantage of food, shelter, water, people and everyone. As a whole we will be able to reclaim what we call nationalism. The feeling of richness and greatness cannot be felt if one does not know what it feels like to be hungry, starve, thirsty, homeless, poor, and no wanted . To reform Germany we have to make people realize what they take for granted dally.With the help of my allies, Mussolini and Stalin I can grant the ultimate force and retentions I promised. I can build the military up, proving another let down could not be possible. I trust my allies while adopting my fascist beliefs from Mussolini, being we share the same characteristics, In addition, as our nation attacks and invades other countries, formed by the Nazi, this will help grasp control over areas such as France and Belgium. Our land will continue to spread and expand. The need for this can bring in more people, building up our military and spreading nationalism.If anyone opposed my views as a Chancellor, believing In obedience, here will be consequences. These punishments Include of gas chambers, chemical Injections, concentration camps, and harsh treatments. I Insist you all to obey my beliefs and guidelines concluding you want to make this nation on top again. Taking this role I wi ll be sure to change the negative aspects of Germany. I will ensure you Germans that our military will be stronger, we will have more pride, money, and I will be docile whether your rich or poor. Becoming Chancellor of Germany was only the starting of this developing nation.Finally, I Doll Hitler will conquer all through each ND every belief and no one will stand before me to block that path, only help. I leave you with this; ‘Wall Widen Singe! † (We Will Conquer) Hitler Speech By Giordano 4 To reform Germany we have to make people realize what they take for granted daily. Nationalism. If anyone opposed my views as a Chancellor, believing in obedience, there will be consequences. These punishments include of gas chambers, chemical injections, concentration camps, and harsh treatments. I insist you all to obey my you with this; â€Å"Wire Widen Singe! † (We Will Conquer)

Negative Effects of Classism

Negative Effects Of Classism Have you ever been judged by the way you look or act? How about just for your income? Social classes have existed for many centuries, whether you are rich or poor, there has always been a large group of people who share a similar economic and/or social position. In society, citizens are put into classes based upon their income, wealth, property ownership, and job status. When citizens are put into a â€Å"class† whether it is high or low, it affects their way of life.For example; when the working class feels like they’re not good enough, it might be because someone in the higher class is acting ignorant or superior towards the lower class. When citizens are not treated equally due to their social status, this is called â€Å"classism. † As you may know classism is professed throughout all classes whether you’re a working class, middle class, or even a higher class. For starters, in an American society,  classism  is usually pointed in the direction of the â€Å"working class† as having the disadvantage.The â€Å"working class† is the lowest social group of people. They are employed for only minimum wage in manual or industrial work. Although our system in the U. S. is designed to allow mobility between social classes, discrimination against the lower classes is still perceived by the higher class. The higher class considers the â€Å"working class† as unreliable or lethargic workers who don’t want to put any effort in achieving in their life goals. Believing this way might be because of their background or where they come from.Secondly, many underclass citizens tend to be the most hardworking of all because every day they make just enough money to get by and that’s it. When working these low income jobs, it’s difficult to support a family and live life without the struggle of â€Å"money problems. † Most people in the working class didn’t pursue their life long goals or promotions in their lives because of their lack of motivation or dedication to succeeding. Most importantly, if the higher class didn’t have such misleading judgments on the â€Å"working class†, then maybe there wouldn’t be as much wrongful thoughts towards them.The middle class is a set of workers who are quite educated, wise, and overall more successful than the working class. The middle class is considered the average or the suitable of the three main classes, mostly because they make a much higher salary than the working class but not enough to be considered the higher class. The middle class is the majority of people in the United States. Occasionally the middle class consider thoughts and assumptions that the sociability of this country towards them are true which leads them to believe it and as well as act it out towards others.The reimbursements or the â€Å"benefits† of being in the middle class provide access to health care benefits such as Medicare or medicate, a home that’s stable enough to live in, a great secure job, as well as retirement security for the seniors of this class and most importantly many chances of a good education which comprises a college education as well. Since million of the households in this country are in the middle class, it’s hard to discriminate or judge against a class where a majority of the United States citizens in are in or close too.The â€Å"higher class† in America consists of people who have mostly inherited their money. Historically in some cultures, members of an upper class often did not have to work for a living, as they were supported by earned or inherited investments. The main distinguishing feature of upper class in the US is the ability to derive enormous  incomes  from  wealth  through techniques such as investment and money management, rather than engaging in wage-labor or salaried employment.Secondly, many unprincipled behaviors across the social classes have delivered a withering verdict on the upper echelons of society, studies have shown that privileged people behave consistently worse than others. For instance, in a range of situations the upper class has a greater tendency to lie, cheat, take things meant for others, not stop for pedestrians on crossings, and endorse unethical behavior. Most importantly, the upper and lower class individuals do not necessarily differ in terms of their capacity for unethical behavior, but rather in terms of their default tendencies toward it.In conclusion, classism will consist in all social classes’ whether it’s the higher class or lower class, people will make generalizations or stereotypes about other people in different classes because of their personal background, arrogances, and actions. Although there will always be different forms of oppression and prejudice, classism’s drastic income and wealth inequality and basic human needs te nd to go unmet. | |

Bio Of Jonathan Swift Essay Research Paper

Bio Of Jonathan Swift Essay, Research Paper Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin on November 30, 1667. His male parent had died before his birth, and shortly after he was born, his female parent returned to Leicestershire. He was left in the attention of his three uncles, peculiarly his Uncle Godwin. It is believed that this state of affairs, along with his unstable homelife, led to a sense of insecurity and forsaking that he carried with him for the remainder of his life. At age 6, he was sent to the best school in Ireland, the Kilkenny School. Then at age 15 he entered Trinity College, located in Dublin. He did non pay much attending to his surveies, and in 1686 he received his degree speciali grata ( by particular favour ) . He continued surveies at Trinity in hopes of deriving an advanced grade, but because of political agitation he was forced to travel to England in 1689. In England, he worked as a secretary to Sir William Temple at Moor Park, Surrey. Swift worked with Temple, a diplomat and author who was fixing his memoirs, for the following 10 old ages. It was here that he met Esther Johnson, the love of his life, whom he nicknamed Stella. Simultaneously, he attended Oxford where he have his M.A. in 1692. He wished to come in political relations but settled alternatively for the church, in which he was ordained in 1694. In January of 1695 he was ordained priest, Prebend of Kilroot. In 1697 he wrote The Battle of the Books, which was subsequently published in 1704. In the ulterior 1690? s he wrote The Tale of the Tub, his first published work. When Temple died in 1699, Swift went back to England every bit chaplain to the Earl of Berkely. In 1700, he became one of the canons of St. Patrick? s Cathedral and wrote articles and letters for the English Whigs. In 1702 he moved back to England in hope of political assignment, and it was here that he published A Tale of the Tub. It was a sarcasm on corruptness in faith and acquisition. Battle of the Books was a mock heroic sarcasm. The eye-popping sarcasm of these plants earned him ill fame but no assignment. The Bickerstaff Papers ( 1707-09 ) , some of which foremost appeared in Richard Steele? s Tatler, a newspaper to which Swift frequently contributed, demolished the pretenses of John Partridge, a popular astrologist. In 1709 he was sent to London to beg financess for his church in Ireland. The Whig leaders refused to allow his petition because they were sympathetic to the Puritans and dissidents. Although Swift had been a member of the Whig party since birth, he was uncomfortable with many of the party? s beliefs. Swift? s fright of the Puritans caused him to exchange si des to the Tory party in 1710. The Tories recognized that Swift was a valuable plus to their cause, and made him editor of their diary, the Examiner. This made him an unofficial power in English political relations, every bit good as a prima author. Later that twelvemonth, he learned of his female parent? s decease, but he was non really affected since she played a minimum function in his life and upbringing. During this clip period, his friends included, Steele, Alexander Pope and John Gay. His life at this clip is recorded in the Journal to Stella, which were his letters to Esther Johnson. In 1713, the Scriblerus Club was founded by Swift, Pope, Parnell, Gay, and Arbuthnot. When the Tories fell in 1714, his political power ended. Swift was so appointed Dean of St. Patrick? s. This station carried great prestigiousness, but it made it impossible for him to go forth Ireland. Ireland in the eighteenth century was a settlement of England, exploited by absentee English landlords and denied self-determination. The spectacle of Irish servitude in general and in peculiar a strategy by one William Wood, who had received a royal patent to publish a new Irish mintage and planned to gain from corrupting it, provoked Swift in 1724 to compose the Drapier? s Letters, cheering the Irish to decline Wood? s mintage and develop their ain economic system. The development of the Irish economic system was besides the subject of his last and most superb sarcasm, A Modest Proposal, ( 1729 ) in which he ironically counseled his c ountrymen to turn their kids into a hard currency harvest. These attempts made Swift a national hero, but even so did non accommodate him to populating in Ireland. In 1726 Jonathan Swift visits England with a manuscript for Gulliver? s Travels, which was published anonymously. This was his last visit to England, that same twelvemonth Gulliver? s Travels was translated into French, German, and Dutch. In 1728, Esther # 8220 ; Stella # 8221 ; Johnson died. In 1731, Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, was written. In 1732, Swift? s beloved friend John Gay died. In 1735, Faulkner publishes Swift? s plants and the corrected version of Gulliver? s Travels. Swift? s concluding old ages are the topic of some contention. Some have suggested that Swift went insane, but that theory has non been confirmed. It is known that Swift suffered from dizziness, due to an interior ear disease. However he remained inactive throughout the 1730? s, before enduring a shot in 1742. He declined mentally and in 1742 he was declared unfit to pull off himself. For the following three old ages, Swift was cared for by defenders. On October 19, 1745 Jonathan Swift died. He was buried in St. Patrick? s Cathedral, following to Stella. On the wall following to his casket is an epitaph written himself. It reads: # 8220 ; The organic structure of Jonathan Swift, Doctor of Sacred Theology, dean of this cathedral church, is buried here, where ferocious outrage can no more lacerate his bosom. Go, traveller, and imitate, if you can, one who strove with all his strength to title-holder autonomy # 8221 ; . As a ironist Swift? s technique was to make fictional talkers, such as Lemuel Gulliver and the Modest Proposel, who arrant sentiments that the intelligent reader will acknowledge as sinfully self-satisfied, narcissistic, stupid, or mad. Swift is therefore the maestro of unostentatious sarcasm, and his name has become practically synonymous with the type of sarcasm in which the most hideous statements are offered in a straight-faced mode. He has frequently been accused of a morbid preoccupation with physical decay. It should be remembered, nevertheless, that this preoccupation belongs technically to his talkers, of whom Swift did non anticipate the reader to O.K. .

Green Economy for XYZ Ltd or the XXX Sector Essay

Green Economy for XYZ Ltd or the XXX Sector - Essay Example Some of these includes lack of adequate skills to operate new technology and also finances to implement the policy. The paper analyzes the solutions to these barriers and takes an insight on the effect it will have to the business and world at large. One of the major breakthroughs of the initiative will be making the world a better place to reside in as fuels are cited as major contributors of world pollution. Introduction In the current days, there has been an increased change in the environmental conditions. This has resulted to global warming which is a condition that has earned global concern all over the world. Global warming has mainly been associated by increased release of carbon dioxide and other gases in the environment. The highest contributor of the gas release is the petroleum and its products. This has called for an urgent review on the alternative methods that can be used to get alternative sources of energy to supplement the use of petroleum. Non-governmental organiza tion has started campaigns to sensitize people on dangers that the world faces in case it does not change to other renewable sources of energy such as sun, wind, water and geothermal energies. ... In the current days the world has experienced increased release of green gas in the atmosphere which has had an effect on the world overall temperatures. One of the most affected areas is the arctic regions where increase in the temperature levels is changing the ecosystem of the areas through melting of the ice. This has caused distress to animals living in these areas and even some of them succumbing to the temperature changes. Also, the overall world temperatures levels have increased. This has led to increased desertification in various parts of the world. The sea levels have also changed. The sea levels have gone up leading to changes in aqua-system. The move by businesses to use environmental friendly measures would prevent these conditions from aggravating further (Bleischwitz & Hennicke) Green energy is cost savings. In the current days the petroleum prices have seen an increased trend in prices which is bringing a difference in the cost of production. As a result the prices of the commodities have increased tremendously. This has had an impact on the total revenues of the commodity as the consumers’ consumption has changed leading to lowering the revenues of the company. Environmental friendly energy sources are less costly e.g. solar energy and wind energy as they are offered free by nature. This gives an opportunity to business to operate at a lower cost and make profits. Mainly the petroleum industry is controlled by cartels whose main aim is to make profits (HPS, 2009). This has made some of them to take advantage of the growing demand of the commodity. Although for the business to harness the energy it requires capital to install the materials

Writing Profiles. Jeffrey Dahmer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing Profiles. Jeffrey Dahmer - Essay Example His home was characterized with constant quarrels between the parents. When he began attending school, he was always withdrawn and the teachers reported that he showed very little interest in schoolwork and was becoming more isolated. His overall tolerance to frustration was also notably low (Giannetakis). The most common interests that he developed following the surgery included frequent walks to the woods and exploring the interiors of animals. However, he was not interested in killing the animals or inflicting pain on them. Instead, he used to collect dead ones and dismantle their bodies. This may have been the beginning of the killing behavior that he adopted during his adulthood. When he was not visiting the woods, he spent most time alone. This situation worsened as he got older because his socialization urges declined. The loneliness continued even in high school where he became a drunkard and avoided classes. According to his father’s guidelines, he enlisted in the Army but was discharged after serving for two years in the Army due to his drunkard behavior. Prior to his first kill in 1988, Dahmer was struggling with his own sadistic fantasies that most probably pushed him into killing his first victim; Hicks (Harris 10-11). Dahmer invited Hicks to his father’s ho me and after the two drunk and engaged in sexual activities Dahmer smashed Hicks’ head after he said that he wanted to leave. He then dismantled Hicks’ body and put the parts in garbage bags that he buried in his father’s compound. Several years later, he dug the remains up and crushed the bones disbursing them in the woods. His explanation for this behavior was that he did not want Hicks to leave. He committed his first murder when he was 18 years old (National Museum of Crime & Punishment). He then stayed for at least nine years before committing the next murder. His second victim was named Tuomi, a person he picked from a

Education Vision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education Vision - Essay Example As a scientific approach to school education, reformers always suggest that new techniques be implemented for the comprehensive development of their studenthood so as to enable them to focus more on their personal abilities to react to real-time situational demands than retain the enormous amount of knowledge they claim from books and classroom lectures. In my belief, education and learning are two different concepts; while the former requires structural administration of external factors to the intellect of an individual, the latter refers to a set of models of behavior and thoughts one processes and retains for reference of future actions from the experience of circumstances and exercise of strategic thinking based on timely requirements. I would like my school to focus more on the practice of intellectual requirements than the exploration of theories. The model for my school should be totally practice based and the one that gives every student opportunity to find his insider out. A schooling method for this purpose requires the co-ordination of the thoughts of parents and teachers. Conservative teaching techniques has been outdated since the introduction of computer-based learning; therefore, schools must implement systems for empirical learning based on individual attention whereby each student gets the benefit of opportunities to excel his field of enthusiasm. A number of characteristics like empathy, respect for the students, flexibility, self-care, patience, sense of humor, collegiality, and high energy level are expected to be met by the teachers to be successful in forming a part of the urban curriculum design. These qualities of the teachers can be utilized only if the student behavior is favorable to the conditions of the urban school. Parents are expected to identify the inherent abilities of their children and guide them the real way of their eventual success. They must be largely communicative and friendly with them.

Machiavelli's Understanding of Virtue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Machiavelli's Understanding of Virtue - Essay Example In his work The Prince, Machiavelli suggests that he has authored something of practical value for anyone who understands it, and it will appear that he strives for practical utility rather than abstract or religious notions of goodness or virtue.3 Although tradition and religion equated effective rule by a ruler with upright behaviour and virtue, requiring a ruler to be a good Christian, Machiavelli goes forth to suggest boldly that any ruler who took such advice was staring at ruin. In Machiavelli’s opinion, it is far more important for any ruler to save the state than to worry about vices. Thus, according to Machiavelli, a ruler or a prince should only appear to possess conventional virtues such as liberality, mercy, trustworthiness, and piety.4 Machiavelli states that it is likely that the people will take for granted generosity in a ruler and then proceed to demand generosity. Thus, it is best to avoid generosity because this virtue is likely to force a ruler to burden th e people with taxes to make the ruler unpopular.5 Machiavelli argues against the bad use of mercy by a ruler because it is impossible to keep a people united and prepared for action towards progress without a fear of the ruler.6 In Machiavelli’s opinion, it does not make sense for a wise ruler to keep his word if the consequences of this were to cause the ruler harm because all men are wicked and self-interested creatures who do similarly.7 Thus, Machiavelli argues only for appearances of virtues in a ruler because such appearances serve best, but in reality, a ruler must do that which benefits the ruler most.8 In all his arguments presented in his work The Prince, Machiavelli maintains a focus on the growth of the state, with a ruler or prince having a need for recognising that states grow, or they may end. Thus, although Machiavelli does not dismiss Christian virtues, recognising their appeal and prestige, he urges the ruler to adopt a proper use of traditional virtues. Acc ording to Machiavelli, if times are peaceful and all men virtuous, a ruler can afford the luxury of moral practice, but a ruler should be prepared to cultivate an appearance of virtue while exercising its opposite to ensure that the state will remain secure. Machiavelli maintains in The Prince his stance that a prince or a ruler, especially a new ruler, cannot maintain all things good and virtuous because of a need for maintaining the state by acting against faith, charity, humanity and religion when the situation demands this.9 Thus, it will appear that according to Machiavelli, practical utility and success are far more important than any loyalty to notions of virtue or good. In his work The Prince, Machiavelli observes that the remarkable deeds of Hannibal, involving a tortuous logistical movement of men and elephants over tall and virtually impassable mountains, was cruel but practically necessary for success, and this is what he expects from his prince.10 Machiavelli’

Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility of Levis Strauss Research Paper - 5

Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility of Levis Strauss - Research Paper Example Levi’s Strauss & Co (n.d.) strongly believes that its business can flourish based on its principles built on company values and its employees.   LS&CO’s values include empathy, originality, integrity, and courage. Its vision states, â€Å"We are the embodiment of the energy and events of our times, inspiring people with a pioneering spirit† (Levi Strauss & CO, n.d.). As pointed by our Chief Legal Officer, Hilary Krane (n.d), â€Å"for LS&CO., corporate citizenship is based on a strong belief that the company can help shape society through civic engagement and community involvement, responsible labor and workplace practices, philanthropy, ethical conduct, environmental stewardship, and transparency.† This is clearly indicative of the extent and amount of efforts LS&CO puts in towards achieving and maintaining CSR initiatives; moreover, our value attached to corporate citizenship encompasses all principles outlined by the UN Global Compact.  With respect to energy and climate issues, Levi Strauss hopes to reach carbon neutrality and is encouraging government policymakers to help companies reach carbon neutrality faster and at the lower cost. Our recommendations towards the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation: 1. Introduce the active promotion of diversity management at the organizational culture level. By introducing referral schemes for employees that will bring people from diverse backgrounds. b. By introducing better human resources practices in terms of pay, benefits, rewards, and recognition. 2. Involve actively in the promotion of wellbeing of the civic population by a. Involving actively in encouraging others to include members of invisible minorities like the LGBT community. b. Providing safe working conditions for pregnant women and the disabled through work practices, safe environment as well as safety equipment for the disabled. Secondly, towards undertaking initiatives to promote greate r environmental responsibility, we recommend to:  1. Introduce changes to the supply chain management system by a. Optimizing transportation from suppliers. b. Minimal packaging of supplies. 2. Promote awareness and affiliation towards environmental responsibility among external stakeholders by a. Measuring external stakeholders’ effectiveness in improving the green initiative. b. Rewarding and recognizing the top achievers of green initiative. Martin-Ortega and Wallace point that Levi’s code of conduct is considered as one of the first corporate code that defines ethics and labor rights in management contexts that were formed many decades ago ( 2007 p.313).

Political Science The State of the Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Science The State of the Union - Essay Example The president believed that through this new path, America will be able to forge forward economically. However, he promised to work with the lawmakers from both parties despite his assertive statement on working independently to tackle the economic issues (The 2014 State of the Union Address (Enhanced Version). President Obama also talked about the foreign policy. He explained that America used diplomacy and threat to make Syria surrender their chemical weapons. He also added that Afghanistan was brought to the negotiation table through using diplomacy and pressure. Moreover, pulling troops out of Afghanistan was a plan that President Obama mentioned that he will execute this year and also cautioned that he would veto sanctions on Iran in case the country disrupts his diplomatic efforts. There was an emotional moment when Sgt. First Class Cory Remsburg, an Army Ranger  was introduced. President Obama had met him before and after he was involved in a roadside bomb explosion in Afghanistan. The bomb led to the loss of one of his eyes and legs, making him have to learn to walk again. There was an elongated standing ovation from the lawmakers of both parties as the Army Ranger made it to the first lady’s box (The 2014 State of the Union Address (Enhanced Version). The message of the day was mainly on the inequality of wealth distribution between the rich and the poor. On this, President Obama elaborated on the struggles of the average-earning citizens. This was in a bid to show the big gap between the rich and the poor in the US. On that note, the president announced an increase in the minimum wage rate to $10.10 for future federal workers on contract, and the establishment of a fresh treasury savings bond for the workers who cannot access traditional retirement options. He also made a suggestion for higher efficiency levels for trucks running on gasoline and those running on alternative fuels (The 2014 State of the Union

The Core Competency of the Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Core Competency of the Company - Case Study Example Brand strategies define buyer experience-through the products offered, the advertising messages conveyed, indeed through every interaction between an organization and a buyer-and through that experience buyers develop an understanding of brand differences (perceptions), form judgments about the value of brand differences (preferences), and create a logic for choosing among brands (brand choice strategies).We refer to strategies that teach buyers as market-driving strategies (Bearden et al 77). Because of the Japanese consumer's traditional focus on corporate reputations, Japan has been considered a tough market for individual brands. This rising importance of branding, segmentation, and positioning has created new opportunities. In addition to Asahi and Honda, other nimble companies are taking advantage of the changes in the market to identify and capture specific segments of the market. Given the need to balance corporate and product-level branding, Sharp is applying a variety of approaches. These range from the more traditional corporate branding to two-story branding to narrow individual brand positioning. Companies are also using more Sharp -style branding (Boone and Kurtz 72). High technology continues to have an intense attraction for consumers, who recently favored such products as wristwatch PCs flat-screen TVs, and satellite cellular phones. New product development in Japan used to be technology and shelf-driven. In this environment, Japanese firms developed an unparalleled capacity for rapid product innovations, churning out new products and variations at a breathtaking rate (Collis and Noda 5). Japanese companies continue to have tremendous capabilities in rapid product innovation. of new product launches is greater in Japan than in the United States. In other categories, such as household products, the number of new product launches relative to the size of the market is larger in Japan than in the United States. In a few categories, such as foods, Japan lags behind the United States in producing new products (Kotler and Armstrong 92). Core competencies of Sharp are unique approach to products and entrepreneur spirit, innovative and state-of-the-art solution. The choice criteria of Japanese consumers is complex and changing rapidly. The approach to such cross-sectional variability would be niche marketing. United States marketers would find segments of the market in which the company has advantages over rivals and concentrate on those markets. But because Japanese consumers have traditionally been hard to segment and consumer choices have changed quickly-and, in many cases, randomly- Japanese firms instead developed a "rapid fire" approach to marketing to deal with the tremendous variability of their markets (Kotler and Keller 62). 2.In what ways does being a Japanese company contribute to Sharp's success Traditionally, Japanese companies have focused on building large, ambiguous corporate brands, so the "what" of brand positioning has been very difficult to pin down. In a market perceived to be homogeneous, the "whom" of brand positioning has also been very difficult to determine. In effect, the "what" and "whom" of Japanese

Globalisation and Free

Globalisation and Free Trade Essay Globalisation, also referred to as global integration is an important economic concept used to understand the economic, structural, political and cultural changes that have occurred in the world today. Globalisation is argued to have shaped the post-war world. Globalisation can be defined as the increase of interconnectedness between countries through international trade. The reduced policy barriers to trade and investment in the public sector and the reduced communication and transportation costs in the private sector are believed to be the main driving force behind globalisation (Frankel, 2006). Due to globalisation, the concept of free trade operates. Free trade is a policy where countries are able to trade freely with each other as there are no tariffs applied to imports and no quotas or subsidies applied to exports. According to the law of comparative advantage, the free trade policy allows both countries to gain mutually from trade – increasing economic growth. The increase in inequality and job losses which is occurring around the world is argued to be as a result of global logic of competitive profit-making management techniques of outsourcing and corporate migrations, atomisation, downsizing and widespread technological progress which all came about as a result of globalisation and free trade (Ukpere and Slabbert, 2007) Due to some consequences of globalisation, movements were formed against it (Krugman et al, 2012). The anti-globalisation movements argue that although globalisation increases the overall income of a country however the benefits are not equally distributed between the citizens. This widens income disparities which brings up social and welfare issues and could also limit the forces which drive economic growth as opportunities brought about as a result of globalisation may not be fully taken advantage of. Maintaining citizens support is important in order to sustain globalisation, however support shown by citizens could largely be influenced by the rising level of inequality (Subir Lall et al, 2012). The Ricardian Model of comparative advantage states that goods are produced competitively using one factor of production; labour, utilising constant-returns-to-scale technologies that vary across countries and goods (Deardorff,2007) . The Ricardian model puts forward that countries would export the good in which they have comparative advantage which is determined by opportunity cost, labour cost and labour productivity. A country has a comparative advantage in the production of a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries (Krugman et al, 2012). The Ricardian model illustrates a world with two countries, A and B which both utilise a single factor of production labour in producing good X and Y respectively. Assuming country A has comparative advantage in producing good X, then country A should specialise in the production of good X and would export it to country B. Since it is more cost effective for country B to import good X , Production of good X would decline in country B leading to a reduction in the demand for labour. As a result workers would lose their jobs leaving them with less disposable income – increasing inequality. As a result of globalisation, the cost of communication between countries is low, reducing the cost of controlling the geographically dispersed parts of an organisation. This allows organisations identify countries which have low production costs and set up branches in such countries in order to exploit the low production costs. This is referred to as outsourcing. Through this fragmentation of industry, the host countries are able to pursue their comparative advantage and maximise the use of their resources. However due to outsourcing, the movement of production to the host country causes people in the foreign country to be laid off their jobs as there is a decline in the demand for labour, increasing job losses and also the inequality gap. The factor-proportions theory stresses the importance of the interaction between the proportions of the factors of production that are utilised by countries in production and the proportion of the factors of production the country possesses (Krugman et al, 2012). The Hecksher- Ohlin model is a version of the factor-proportions theory . The model assumes that the country that is abundant in a factor exports the good whose production is intensive in that factor and can be referred to as â€Å"2 by 2 by 2†: Two factors of production, two goods, two countries (Krugman et al, 2012). Assuming we have two countries, country A and B which utilise two factors of production; labour and land to produce goods X(labour intensive) and Y(land intensive) respectively. The Hecksher-Ohlin model states that If country A has abundance of Labour and country B has abundance of land then country A would be effective in the production of good X and country B would be effective in the production of good Y. The Hecksher-Ohlin model purports that owners of abundant factors benefit from international trade and owners of scarce factor would lose from trade. Owners of the scarce factor would then be forced to lay off some workers – leading to disparities in the distribution of income which increases inequality (Krugman et al, 2012). The Stopler- Samuelson theory describes an interaction between relative factor rewards and the relative prices of goods. The theory purports that under some economic conditions (perfect competition, constant returns, equal number of goods produced to equal number of factors) the rise in market price of a good would result in an rise in the return to that factor that is most intensively utilised in producing that good whereas a reduction in the return to the other factor occurs. Due to free trade, there are reduced tariffs on imports and as a result, there is a decrease in the price of imported goods that are high skill-intensive reducing compensation of limited high-skilled workers. Also, there in as increase in the price of exported goods which the country has abundant factor, that are low skill-intensive and the compensation of low-skilled workers. In a developed country with relatively abundant high-skill factors the opposite would occur with a rise in openness resulting in higher inequality. Inequality is argued to be rising amongst countries. The differences between the global poor and global rich continues to increase (Haines, 2001). The income share of the richest quintile is increasing whilst the income share of the rest of the quintiles is decreasing. Although globalisation is argued to be largely responsible for the increase in job losses and inequality, we can also argue that technological progress has contributed to some extent. Technological progress is responsible for the increasing gap between the skilled and unskilled workforce as it puts greater importance on worker skills. As a result of this, in most countries skilled workers are paid significantly higher wages than unskilled workers as a result leading to differences in income distribution. Also, in most households nowadays, we’ll find that most people use telephones and computers, making it possible for individuals to purchase a wide range of goods and services from a global supply chain. Countries that sell goods and services at a lower price compared to other countries tend to have comparative advantage in producing the good according to the Ricardian Model. As individuals we tend to then purchase goods from the country which sells it at the lowest price when compared to other countries. These current patterns have led to a large section of the labour market withering away, increasing inequality and job losses amongst countries (Martin and Schumann, 1997). Samuelson (2004) indicated that using the Ricardian model, with two goods and two countries with different levels of productivity, technological progress in the lagging country would benefit the latter and the more developed country would end up losing from international trade. This reduces the mutual benefits from international trade – increasing inequality. In order to decrease the rising inequality and job losses the government should make providing easy and free access to education a matter of high importance. This gives unskilled and low income groups an opportunity to take advantage of opportunities which arise from globalisation as a result they would be able to lessen the disparities in income distribution and have more job opportunities (Subir Lall et al, 2012). Globalisation is believed to have significantly contributed to the increase in the overall wealth amongst countries however it has a disequalizing effect as access to wealth between the rich and poor segments of the population is unequal. Government should put in place policy reforms which are aimed at opening up access to finance, developing institutions that encourage lending to the low income groups in order to enhance the general distribution of income, which in turn helps to support the overall growth of the economy.

Why the USA got out of Vietnam Essay Example for Free

Why the USA got out of Vietnam Essay Some describe the Vietnam conflict as a promise â€Å"to guarantee liberties in Southeast Asia† (Martin Luther King), but instead Martin Luther King’s other description of the war as a â€Å"†¦cruel irony of watching Negro and white boys on the TV screen as they kill and die together for a nation that cannot even seat them together in the same schools†¦Ã¢â‚¬  can be seen as more relevant. The US public carried a strong voice throughout this conflict and were able to change decisions and inevitably cause the withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam. The unpopularity of the war can be split into a number of sections. Unpopularity came about through the media coverage given to the actions of US troops and the barbaric acts that were being carried out in Vietnam. Examples of these were the development of napalm and Agent Orange. Napalm was jellied petroleum which was used to burn anything which came into contact with it; it had a devastating effect and often destroyed whole parts of the forest killing everything within it. Agent Orange was a chemical which was designed to kill plants, including tree’s and crops, and this didn’t have a positive effect on the hearts and minds of the South Vietnamese peasants, the people who were in the firing line for Communism. After these events the war became increasingly dirty and barbaric. Events such as such as the CIA’s Operation Phoenix in 1968, which consisted of VietCong suspects, often on bad evidence and the torture of them. Most famously, for the wrong reasons, the incident in My Lai in 1968 where US troops wiped out an entire village with extreme brutality. With households commonly having TV sets in their homes in America it was there to be seen by the US public, who no matter how anti-communist they were, were shocked and disgusted by the actions their troops had committed. This set the ball rolling for the tide of anti-war feeling within the USA. During this period half of the American public were against the war and wanted to pull out. It was all members of US society who wee beginning to feel the tide of anti-war feeling. 1968 signalled the start of when black people began to demonstrate against a blatantly unfair draft system. The draft system was meant to call up young Americans to fight in the war; however it always seemed to pick a disproportional amount of black Americans. With the civil rights movement at the time and the emergence of prominent black figures such as Martin Luther King it meant there were demonstrations against the government. This meant that the government had to deal with a group within their society, who had nothing to lose; therefore, they were able to wield great pressure on the government to withdraw. It was also military mistakes and failures which aided the call for a pullout by the USA. The key example of this is the Tet Offensive in 1968. This highlighted the policy failures of McNamara and his generals. The VietCong launched this against every city in South Vietnam taking large portions of each one. Even though they were retaken later on it still illustrated to the US public that even though US generals such as General Westmorland were pulling out statistics such as â€Å"10 VietCong killed for every US casualty† it showed them that the conflict was far from over. The US public again viewed these events on TV and this graphic detail meant that it only strengthened the anti-war feeling. The cost of this whole operation was beginning to show strains upon the US public. Due to the high costs money had to be detracted from programmes such as Johnson’s â€Å"Great Society Programme† which targeted poverty in America’s cities and the plight of Black Americans. It was planned to produce new homes, schools and roads. Therefore, due to the higher costs, money had to be retracted from the â€Å"Great Society Programme†. These cutbacks caused riots in the inner city areas with a dash of civil rights movement, due to the high number of black people living within those areas. This all posed the questions to the American whether all this was all worth it. The high number of coffins returning whilst living standards were in a downward spiral left Americans angry and change was wanted. However there were other factors which resulted in the call for a pullout from Vietnam. One of these was America’s actual economic situation. Even though the war was expensive, an economically strong USA would have been able to afford the operation. However, this wasn’t the case with America during this period. As taxes went up due to the â€Å"Great Society Programme† American workers began to demand higher wages causing general prices to increase. This caused high inflation meaning taxes weren’t what they were valued at before. In addition to that the fact that America had to cut expenditure in the arms sector meant that the military-industrial complex, the arms industry, suffers. This combined with inflation at the time meant that economy was in bad shape. This forced the US government to reconsider its position in Vietnam. This had political casualties too, due to the resignation of President Johnson. It wasn’t only because of economical reasons that there was a pullout from Vietnam. There were also political reasons too. After Johnson’s resignation, Nixon came into power. Nixon was a realist and knew victory was possible in Vietnam and he knew that doubled up with the political divisions and economical problems that it was best to pull out. He announced â€Å"peace with honour† which followed in with the withdrawal of US troops, who wee replaced with South Vietnamese forces (Vietnamisation), this then bought about the end of the war. This helped ease the political squabbles back home and it also proved to be a bit of a money saver as it cut back expenses. I have come to conclude that the most important reason for the pullout from Vietnam is due to the US public. With the satellite age in full flow at that time the TV proved to be a massive tool for the average American at the time as it allowed them to be able to fully see what their troops were really doing there. This proved to be a bad tool for the government as their mistakes came to light. Also the US government wasn’t helped by the civil rights movement at that time which created figures like Martin Luther King who spoke critically of the war and the discrimination of young black men. The economic problem and the breakdown of the â€Å"Great Society Programme† meant that the average Americans were beginning to feel the effects of the war at home even though the battles were being fought miles away. However there were some factors which weren’t down to the American public. The stagnant economy meant that the high costs of the war were more harshly felt by the American public. Also the pullout was achieved by Nixon due to him realising that Vietnam was a lost cause with more good coming if there was a pullout from there.

Reflection on theory and knowledge in nursing

Reflection on theory and knowledge in nursing The aim of this report is look at a critical incident that occurred in practice and relates this to the theory and knowledge regarding communication and interpersonal skills, so as to demonstrate an understanding of my views on the art and science of reflection and the issues surrounding reflective practice; that is to say, what skills were and were not used at the time of the incident. Confidentiality will be maintained as required by the Nursing Midwifery Council Code (NMC, 2008).    There is a discussion appraising the concept of reflection both generally, and in my particular area of practice of urgent care. Reflection is part of reflective practice and is a skill that is developed. It can be seen as a way of adjusting to life as a qualified healthcare professional and enhancing the development of a professional identity (Atwal Jones, 2009). Reflection is defined as a process of reviewing an experience which involves description, analysis and evaluation to enhance learning in practice (Rolfe et al 2001).  This is supported by (Fleming, 2006), who described it as a process of reasoned thought. It enables the practitioner to critically assess self and their approach to practice. Reflective practice is advocated in healthcare as a learning process that encourages self-evaluation with subsequent professional development planning (Zuzelo, 2009). Reflective practice has been identified as one of the key ways in which we can learn from our experiences. Reflective practice can mean taking our experiences as an initial point for our learning and developing practice (Jasper, 2003). Many literatures have been written in the past that suggest the use of reflective assignments and journaling as tools to improve reflection and thinking skills in healthcare (Chapman et al, 2008). Reflective journals are an ideal way to be actively involved in learning (Millinkovic Field, 2005) and can be implemented to allow practitioners to record events and document their thoughts and actions on daily situations, and how this may affect their future practice (Williams Wessel, 2004). MODELS In order to provide a framework for methods, practices and processes for building knowledge from practice there are several models of reflection available. All can help to direct individual reflection. Some may be particularly useful for superficial problem solving, and other better when a deeper reflective process is required. Reflective models however are not meant to be used as a rigid set of questions to be answered but to give some structure and encourage making a record of the activity. Johns (2004) reflects on uncovering the knowledge behind the incident and the actions of others present. It is a good tool for thinking, exploring ideas, clarifying opinions and supports learning. Kolbs Learning Cycle (1984) is a cycle that reflects a process individuals, teams and organisations attend to; and understands their experiences and subsequently, modifies their behaviour. Schà ¶n (1987), however, identifies two types of reflection that can be applied in healthcare, Reflection-in-action and Reflection-on-action. Reflection-in-action can also be described as thinking whilst doing. Reflection-on-action involves revisiting experiences and further analysing them to improve skills and enhance to future practice. Atkins and Murphys model of reflection (1994) take this idea one step further and suggest that for reflection to make a real difference to practice we follow this with a commitment to action as a result. Terry Bortons (1970) 3 stem questions:  What?,  So What?  and  Now What?  were developed by John Driscoll in 1994, 2000 and 2007. Driscoll matched the 3 questions to the stages of an  experiential learning cycle, and added trigger questions that can be used to complete the cycle. Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle is fairly straightforward and encourages a clear description of the situation, analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, analysis to make sense of the experience, conclusion where other options are considered and reflection upon experience to examine what you would do if the situation arose again. CHOSEN MODEL The reflective model that I have chosen to use is Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988) as a framework, because it focuses on different aspects of an experience and allows the learner to revisit the event fully. Gibbs (1988) will help me to explore the experience further, using a staged framework as guidance ad I feel that this is a simple model, which is well structured and easy to use at this early stage in my course. By contemplating it thus, I am able to appreciate it and guided to where future development work is required. Before the critical incident is examined it is important to look at what a critical incident is and why it is important to nursing practice. Girot (1997), cited in Maslin-Prothero, (1997) states that critical incidents are a means of exploring a certain situation in practice and recognising what has been learned from the situation. Benner (1984, cited by Kacperek, 1997) argues that nurses cannot increase or develop their knowledge to its full potential unless they examine their own practice. Context of incident In the scenario the patients name will be given as Xst.   Ã‚  The consequences of my actions for the client will be explained and how they might have been improved, including what I learned from the experience. My feelings about the clinical skills used to manage the clients care will be established and my new understanding of the situation especially in relation to evidence based practice will be considered.   I will finally reflect on what actions I will take in order to ensure my continued professional development and learning.    Description Miss Xst is 55 year old woman who has a 10 year old daughter.   She suffers from psychiatric problems, lack of motivation and has difficulties in maintaining her personal hygiene and the cleanliness of her flat. She was one of my mentors clients to whom I had been assigned to coordinate and oversee her care. Mental health Nurses owe their patients a duty of care and are expected to offer a high standard of care based on current best practise, (NMC 2008).   Ã‚   Miss Xst had been prescribed Risperidone Consta 37.5mg fortnightly, which is a moderate medication. Risperidone belongs to a group of medicines called antipsychotic, which are usually used to help treat people with schizophrenia and similar condition such as psychosis. Although her condition is acute, it is not extreme and the reason for this medication is to help Miss Xst to stabilise her thought so she is able to support herself in the community (Healey, 2006). Miss Xst did not like attending depot clinic and she missed three consecutive appointments. My mentor decided after the third non-attendance to raise the issue in the handover meeting where it was decided to see Miss Xst in the morning but when we arrived she was not there. We left a note for her to call the office. We did not hear from her and a further home visit was carried out to arrange for her next depot clinic appointment. I called a meeting of the multi-disciplinary team (MDT) who agreed that there would be a problem if the next injections were missed. The social worker who was part of the team said that she will arrange for a community support worker to help clean Miss Xsts flat on a weekly basis (Adams 2008). We waited for about an hour for Miss Xst to attend the clinic for her depot injection but she failed to attend. I then informed the Community Psychiatry Nurse (CPN) that Miss Xst had expressed negative feelings about her medication and thought she did not need them; she had claimed she was already feeling well and therefore wanted the medications to be discontinued.   At a subsequent meeting with the patient, she agreed a joint visit with the CPN and myself to re-assess her condition and consider if it was necessary to   Ã‚  refer her case to the consultant (Barker, 2003).   I was given the opportunity to carry out the initial assessment, which showed that her behaviour was very unpredictable and very forgetful. Her inability to take her medication and to manage her personal hygiene clearly demonstrated that she was not well. The assessment tool I used was the Mental State Examination which helps determine the level of her insight into her illness and indeed I found out that she was in denial (Barker, 2004). I talked to Miss Xst about her non-concordance with her medication, but she persisted in saying she was well.   I reminded her that continuous use of the medication would benefit her mental health and protect her against relapse.   We agreed that she could discuss this with the doctor on her next outpatient appointment, with the option of reviewing or reducing her medication. I stressed the importance of her communicating any side effects or reservations she may have about the medication to doctor. She appeared to understand this and following the discussion, she finally complied with her depot injection. Even though the NMC (2008) maintains that nurses have a responsibility to empower patient in their care and to identify and minimise risk to patient. The principle of beneficence (to do well) must be balanced against no maleficence (doing no harm) (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001).   All these transactions were recorded in Miss Xsts care plan file and in computer. Good record keeping is an integral part of nursing and midwifery practice, and is essential to the provision of safe and effective care. It is not an optional extra to be fitted in if circumstances allow NMC (2009).   The consequences of my actions for the patient and her daughter were that she attended to her daughters needs and to her personal hygiene, and made regular fortnightly visits to the clinic. Her mental condition was improved, she was allowed to continue on her moderate medication and she did not have to be readmitted in the hospital. Feeling During the handover, I was nervous as I felt uncomfortable about giving feedback to the whole team. I was worried about making mistakes during my handover that could lead to inappropriate care being given to Miss Xst or could cause her   readmission to hospital. As a student nurse I felt I lacked the necessary experience to be passing information to a group of qualified staff members.   However, I dealt with the situation with outward calm and in a professional manner. I was very pleased that my mentor was available during the handover to offer me support and this increased my confidence. Evaluation What was good about the experience was that I was able to carry out the initial assessment and identify what caused Miss Xst failure to comply with the treatment regime.   From my assessment I documented the outcome and related what had happened to the MDT with minimal assistance. Accurate documentation of patients care and treatment should communicate to other members of the team in order to provide continuity of care (NMC, 2008).   The experience has improved my communication skills immensely, I felt supported throughout the handover by my mentor who was constantly involved when I missed out any information. Thomas et al, (1997) explains that supervision is an important development tool for all learners. The team were very supportive throughout the process as they took my information without doubt.   What was not good about the experience was the fact that my mentor had not informed me that I was going to handover the information; as a result I had not mentally prepared myself for it.   I also felt that I needed more time to observe other professionals in the team carrying out their handovers before I attempted to carry out mine.   During the original MDT meeting, I felt that we did not provide enough time to freely interact with Miss Xst to identify other psychosocial needs that could impact on her health. However, in any event, she was unable to fully engage because of her mental state. Turley (2000) suggests that nursing staff should include their interaction with the patient when recording assessment details, which can be used to provide evidence for future planning and delivery of care. Dougherty and Lister (2004) have suggested that healthcare professionals should use listening as part of assessing patient problems, needs and resources.      Analysis The literature regarding communication and interpersonal skills is vast and extensive. Upon reading a small amount of the vast literature available, the student was able to analyse the incident, and look at how badly this situation was handled. I realised communication is the main key in the nursing profession as suggested by Long (1999) who states that interpersonal skills are a form of tool that is necessary for effective communication. I found it difficult to communicate with a patient because I did not understand her condition. It was also difficult for me not to take her behaviour to heart and show emotion at the time, it is clear that this is an area I need to build on for the future. However, Bulman Schutz (2008) argue that this is failure to educate and for us to learn from practice and develop thinking skills. I would agree with them, as I learn best from practical experience, and build on it to improve my skills. With this is mind, I am now going to focus on my weaknesses, in both theory and practice, and state how, when and why I plan to improve on these. Through effective communication I was able to convince Miss Xst of the need to take her medication. I was able to pass on the information to the MDT for continuity of care.     Roger et al (2003) concluded that communication is an on-going process but can be a difficult process when dealing with mental health problems.   During the handover I was pleased that the MDT members were supportive and interested in what I was saying and they asked questions.   The patient had no recollection of what she had said to me and since the incident she has made these comments to other staff, which has put me at ease and made me realise that I had done nothing wrong. My mentor explained that a patient with Parkinsons can often behave like this as they develop dementia, which Noble (2007) also confirms. Since the incident I have read about Parkinsons and am now aware that the patients expressionless face Netdoctor (2008), also made her comments appear more confusing and aggressive. Conclusion   In conclusion, I have learnt that through effective communication, any problem can be solved regardless of the environment, circumstances or its complexity.   Therefore, nurses must ensure they are effective communicators.   I have identified the weaknesses that should be turned to strengths. I am now working on strengthening my assertiveness, confidence and communication skills. Participating in the care of Miss Xst, I have realised that a good background information and feedback about mental health problems before providing care to a clients can assist in accurate diagnosis and progress monitoring.  Ã‚   A good relationship between client and staff nurse is therapeutic and help in building trust.   This can be achieved by a free communication that allows the client to express their feelings and concern without the fear of intimidation.   From the experience, I feel the knowledge I have acquired will aid me in future while in practice should such situation arise again. ACTION PLAN FOR MY LEARNING NEEDS So that I could identify my strengths and weaknesses in both theory and practice easily, I found that the use of a SWOT analysis provided a good framework to follow. I have then built on this by producing a development plan that focuses on my weaknesses and how, when and why I plan to improve on them. I will now begin to work on these, the main reason being of course, that I am determined to be a competent, professional nurse in the future. I am now more prepared for any future patients with this disease as I have researched it. I will take the time to talk to them, to make sure they are at ease with me, before providing any care. If they appear distressed I would get another member of staff to help me to reassure them. Learning Need Planned action to meet this learning need Target time to meet the learning need. To improve my knowledge about patients illnesses and the risks of relapse associated with not taking Medication. Read books about different illnesses and causes of relapse End of third year To identify and have good background information and feedback about patients mental health problems before providing care to them To read my patients notes. On- going To ensure a good rapport exist between my patient and I, in order to build up a therapeutic relationship with them and to gain their trust. I will have regular meeting with my client On-going Effective communication with the patients and other members of the multidisciplinary team A locating time to talk to patients and their relatives participating in the ward round. On-going skills to develop throughout the training. Being prepared Talking with senior members of staff On-going CONCLUSION I have clearly demonstrated that by using a reflective model as a guide I have been able to break down, make sense of, and learn from my experience during my placement. At the time of the incident I felt very inadequate It was also difficult for me not to take her behaviour to heart and show emotion at the time, it is clear that this is an area I need to build on for the future. According to Bulman Schutz (2008), nursing requires effective preparation so that we can care competently, with knowledge and professional skills being developed over a professional lifetime. One way this can be achieved is through what Schon (1987) refers to as technical rationality, where professionals are problem solvers that select technical means best suited to particular purposes. Problems are solved by applying theory and technique. REFERENCES Adams, L. (2008). Mental Health Nurses can Play a Role in Physical Health. Mental Health Today. October 2008 pp27 Barker, P. (2004). Assessment in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes Barker, P.   Ed (2003). Psychiatric and mental health nursing: The craft of caring Arnold, London Beauchamp, T. and Childress, J. (2001) Principles of Biomedical Ethics, (5th   Edition): Oxford University   Press. Bolton, G. (2001) Reflective Practice. Writing and Professional Development. Paul Chapman Publishing Limited, London. Bulman, C. Schutz, S. (2008) An Introduction to Reflection. In: Bulman, C. Schutz, S. (ed.) Reflective Practice in Nursing, 4th edition. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp 6 8 Burns, T. Sinfield, S. (2008a) How to organise yourself for independent study. In: Essential Study Skills The Complete Guide to Success at University. 2nd edition. London, Sage Publications Ltd, p 64. Burns, T. Sinfield, S. (2008b) Going to University. In: Essential Study Skills The Complete Guide to Success at University. 2nd edition. London, Sage Publications Ltd, p 16. Dougherty, L. and Lister, S. (2004) Royal Marsden of clinical nursing procedures. 6th edition. London: Blackwell publishers.   Gamble, C and Brennan, G (2005) Working with serious mental illness: a manual for clinical practice. Oxford: Bailliere Tindall. Kenworthy et al (2003) Marrelli, T. M (2004) The Nurse Managers Survival Guide: Practical Answer to Everyday Problems, United States of America : Elsevier Nursing and Midwifery Council (2004) Code of Professional Conduct NMC: London. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The Code Standards of conduct, Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwives. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2009) Record keeping: Guidance for nurses and midwives. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council.  Ã‚   Rolfe,   G., Freshwater, D. Jasper, M (2001) Critical Reflection for Nursing and the Helping professor; a Users Guide. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Roger, B. Ellis, Bob Gates, Neil Kenworthy. (2003) Interpersonal Communication in Nursing: Theory and Practice, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, London, UK. Schon, D.A. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner. Basic books. Harper Collins, San Francisco Schon, D. (1987) Preparing Professionals for the Demands of Practice. Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco, Jossey Bass, pp3 21. Thomas, B. Hardy, S. and Cutting, P. (1997) Mental health Nursing: Principles and Practice London: Mosby Turley, J.P.( 2000) toward and integrated view of health informatics. Information Technology in Nursing 12 (13).

The Western Blindness to Non-Western Philosophies :: Philosophy China Culture Papers

The Western Blindness to Non-Western Philosophies Western philosophers still tend to think that philosophy, in a sense that they can take with professional interest, does not exist in non-Western traditions. To persuade them otherwise would require them to make an effort that they prefer to evade. I attempt to begin to persuade them by closely paraphrasing a few arguments by the early Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu and a few by the Indian skeptic and mystic Shriharsha (about 1150 CE). One of Chuang Tzu's arguments has some resemblance to Plato's Third-Man argument, another with the impossibility of distinguishing between waking reality and dream, and a third with the impossibility of objective victories in debates. The skeptic Shriharsha, in a way that can be taken to parallel Wittgenstein's attack on conventional philosophy, shows that philosophical definitions cannot be rigorous enough to fulfill the task that philosophers set for them. The rest of this paper is devoted to the problem of commensurability. I contend that philosophi es are either commensurable or incommensurable depending on the light in which one prefers to see them. Each way of seeing them involves a loss of a possibility that may be considered precious, but the Westerner who continues to insist on the full incommensurability of non-Western philosophies with his or her own is losing a great deal that might be intellectually helpful. We have always been and remain insular. The insularity I am referring to is our professional blindness to any but Western philosophy, which fills our whole professional horizon. Insularity tempts us by its overestimation of whatever we have learned wherever we happen to have grown up, but it is no intellectual birthright. There have been more than a few great thinkers who have done their best to resist it. Kant and Hegel, both conscientious, omnivorous scholars, took the trouble to learn what they could of Indian and Chinese thought, even though, as has become clear, they were not informed well enough to allow them to make plausible judgments. Schopenhauer was extraordinarily favorable to Indian thought but wildly subjective (or egotistical) in his use of it. Wilhelm von Humboldt, eager to understand the nature of languages, made an often painstakingly detailed study of a great number of them-Greek, Latin, Basque, the languages of Central America, Sanskrit, North-American Indian, Chi nese, Polynesia, and Malaysia. (1) What Humboldt learned convinced him that the Indo-European languages — the Sanskritic ones, as he called them — were the best for methodical reasoning.

The issues of the poet :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Issues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The question is: What do you think the grandmother meant when she said to the Misfit, â€Å"Why you’re one of my babies. You’re one of my own children!† Why do you think the Misfit killed her when she said that? Since the question is two parts, I’ll answer it in two parts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The grandmother said that the Misfit was one of her children in an attempt to console him into thinking that she was not someone that he wanted to kill. The reason that she says that has some symbolic underlying tones. She symbolizes Jesus, saving His flock from the perils of life, while the Misfit represents Lucifer, out to undermine the very fabric of our belief system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The devil, in most cases, is purely an anecdotal figure; there simply for us to gauge the deeds of the good against. In this case, we see that the devil, easily represented by an escape convict, showing all that could go wrong with a person. The convict, however, goes through all theses motions showing almost no emotion; as if he has no humanly response to any stressful situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Misfit killed the grandmother in a mute fit of rage. In his mind he was thinking, â€Å"How do she get tha gall ta say she’s my ma? She ain’t got no right ta do it.† He then promptly killed her for her indiscretions. This simple act is brought about by a complex set of circumstances. The need of the devil to immediately extinguish all resistance to his cause; control the little man and you shall control the masses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fact that the Misfit killed the grandmother in cold blood is not true. The Misfit was full of inner emotion when he consummated the act, seemingly showing no outward signs of fear or nervousness.

Degeneration of Women in The Great Gatsby and A Streetcar Named Desire

Degeneration of Women in The Great Gatsby and A Streetcar Named Desire The men they are influenced by and, often, married to, and the circumstances in which they live and work dictate the women’s characters and personalities. In ‘The Great Gatsby’ and ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’, Daisy and Blanche suffer degeneration in terms of their mentality and their morals due to the behaviour and actions of the men in their lives. The male characters act as catalysts in implementing this change, as they alter the lives of others yet are not themselves changed. However, it cannot be said that men are entirely responsible for this degeneration- to a certain extent, the fate of the women rests in their own hands. A comparison between the two texts, considering both the male characters’ responsibility, and the women’s own responsibility for themselves, will be decisive in determining how and why the women degenerate and the consequences of this deterioration. Men are an extremely dominant force within both ‘The Great Gatsby’ and ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’. The marriages in each text display a microcosm view of the text as a whole, in that they are a small representation of a larger context. The men in each marriage are dominant- Tom, for example, is ambiguous because a reader knows he is violent from his behaviour to Myrtle- ‘Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with an open hand†¦high over the confusion a long broken wail of pain.’ However, he does not act violently that we know of towards Daisy. This could be a direct result of the two women’s class. Daisy is described by Jordan as being, ‘ â€Å"By far the most popular of all the young girls in Louiseville†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ whose wealth and class could be measured by ‘... ...ever had any real compassion or love for her. Their decision to move away comes despite his earlier assumption that, ‘ â€Å"I’ll stay in the East, don’t you worry†¦I’d be a God damned fool to live anywhere else.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Gatsby himself is more ambiguous, as his obsession with Daisy creates his situation. He degenerates in terms of his morals, yet it seems that he has always been amoral when it comes to business and ‘gonnegtions’ as well. Ultimately, the men only change subtly and almost imperceptibly as a result of their actions towards the women, yet the women themselves change irreversibly. Each change that occurs within the women is significant not just to the characters themselves, but also to those surrounding them and the dynamics of the plot. The conclusion to each text has been determined by the actions of the men and the result that they have on the women. Degeneration of Women in The Great Gatsby and A Streetcar Named Desire Degeneration of Women in The Great Gatsby and A Streetcar Named Desire The men they are influenced by and, often, married to, and the circumstances in which they live and work dictate the women’s characters and personalities. In ‘The Great Gatsby’ and ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’, Daisy and Blanche suffer degeneration in terms of their mentality and their morals due to the behaviour and actions of the men in their lives. The male characters act as catalysts in implementing this change, as they alter the lives of others yet are not themselves changed. However, it cannot be said that men are entirely responsible for this degeneration- to a certain extent, the fate of the women rests in their own hands. A comparison between the two texts, considering both the male characters’ responsibility, and the women’s own responsibility for themselves, will be decisive in determining how and why the women degenerate and the consequences of this deterioration. Men are an extremely dominant force within both ‘The Great Gatsby’ and ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’. The marriages in each text display a microcosm view of the text as a whole, in that they are a small representation of a larger context. The men in each marriage are dominant- Tom, for example, is ambiguous because a reader knows he is violent from his behaviour to Myrtle- ‘Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with an open hand†¦high over the confusion a long broken wail of pain.’ However, he does not act violently that we know of towards Daisy. This could be a direct result of the two women’s class. Daisy is described by Jordan as being, ‘ â€Å"By far the most popular of all the young girls in Louiseville†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ whose wealth and class could be measured by ‘... ...ever had any real compassion or love for her. Their decision to move away comes despite his earlier assumption that, ‘ â€Å"I’ll stay in the East, don’t you worry†¦I’d be a God damned fool to live anywhere else.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Gatsby himself is more ambiguous, as his obsession with Daisy creates his situation. He degenerates in terms of his morals, yet it seems that he has always been amoral when it comes to business and ‘gonnegtions’ as well. Ultimately, the men only change subtly and almost imperceptibly as a result of their actions towards the women, yet the women themselves change irreversibly. Each change that occurs within the women is significant not just to the characters themselves, but also to those surrounding them and the dynamics of the plot. The conclusion to each text has been determined by the actions of the men and the result that they have on the women.

The Current State of Skoda’s Business in the Uk

Introduction Skoda, as a car manufacturer with a long history, has become one of the companies of Volkswagen who is the largest vehicle manufacturer in Europe since 1991 (Volkswagen, 2012). There is a fast development of Skoda in recent years. Its deliveries to customers in 2011 increased by 15. 3% compared to 2010 (Skoda, 2012). This report aims to: Â · evaluate the current situation of Skoda in the UK using the SWOT analysis. Â · analyze the business environment of Skoda in the UK by using the PESTLE analysis in detail. Â · create the possible strategies for Skoda’s future development based on the analysis.Company Overview With twenty years development supported by Volkswagen, Skoda achieved a new high record of sales for 45282 vehicles in the UK, which occupied over 5% of the whole sales volume of the brand. In the market of the UK, Skoda has launched seven models, namely Citigo, Fabia, Roomster, Rapid, Octavia, Superb and Yeti (Skoda, 2012). SWOT analysis Both strong an d weak points of the business situation about Skoda in the UK can be seen in the SWOT analysis (see appendix I). The most obvious strength is the satisfaction provided to customers.Skoda has been doing good job on improving their products and services to meet customers’ demands. The company surveys their feelings and opinions directly to get the correct needs of customers. At the same time, some chances might be taken by Skoda to boost sales. Focusing on the vehicle itself as the marketing strategy, Skoda’s competitors leave the space to Skoda to focus on ‘happy Skoda customers’. It avoided the direct competition focusing on the product itself with other rivals and became the ‘unique selling proposition’ of Skoda in the vehicle market (Times, 2008).In contrast, there are still some persistent weaknesses and threats of Skoda. One weak point, for example, is the negative effects from the ‘image of poor quality, design, assembly, and materi als’ in the past. Although Skoda had tried to make many efforts to make the brand image better, it was proved to fail in the mid-market range by a brand named Health Check. Meanwhile, the threats for Skoda are ‘50 different car makers selling 200 models’ in the UK. That means there is a highly competitive market in the UK, ‘potential buyers would overlook Skoda’.Informing the customers effectively and developing potential customers are the challenges for Skoda (Times, 2008). PESTEL analysis There are six parts of PESTLE analysis about business environment in the UK which focus on the external elements, namely, political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors. Some changes of political element, such as raising the VAT, are made by the UK government to increase the cost of buying cars. Plus, the UK customers are encouraged by British government to buy cars which are environmentally friendly because the road tax will be reduce d if people have small engines cars.That means the vehicle with smaller engine will attract more customers due to the financial reason. At the same time, the British car industry is affected by the economic recession. There is less demand which leads to fewer new vehicles being sold. People prefer to buy second hand cars instead of new cars because of the low price. The economic factors are more essential than the quality and design of cars because low consumption of new car means less profits the companies can gain (Gough, 2012).For the social element, the lifestyle changes of consumers may influence the design of a vehicle. Many bigger seats and larger space are provided in the cars for meeting the requirements of ‘the growing number of obese people in the UK’. In addition, the development of technology is a chance for companies to reduce production cost. Advertising their products widely on the Internet will attract more potential buyers. There might be some new lega l limitations of driving cars in the future. The speed limits may be considered more to ensure the citizen’s safety.Finally, the environmental issues, for instance the global warming, will be the pressure of vehicle manufacturers. They have to think about how to reduce the pollutant emission to be responsible for their society (Gough, 2012). Future strategy Two main suggested approaches aiming to solve the challenges of Skoda according to SWOT and PESTLE analyses are as follows: Â · Invest a lot on promotion. Such as advertise their product on Internet and TV for informing UK customers the high quality and low price of the cars to change the bad brand image. Expand the model range for meeting different demands of British customers to increase the market share in heavy competition. Conclusion and Recommendations It can be found that the high satisfaction and high quality with low price are the strong points of Skoda. Although some weak points exist, they can be solved by adve rtising of telling the high quality and expanding the range of model to gain more British customers. In summary, Skoda should overcome the negative effects by using its advantages to boost sales and increase market share in the UK.

Regulation of Political Speech

Can g overnments ascertain semi governmental legal transfer of piles by means of hold backions on case-by-case unified expenditures? Over the trend of the past twenty years, the U. S. positive ap professionalach constantly increased constitutional security measures of corporal linguistic cover chthonian the front Amendment and repeatedly struck down regulations on commercial delivery as violating the first-class honours degree Amendment. Although the Supreme Court recently held statutory encloseions on unified expenditures for electioneering communications to violate the right to exonerate words, it is soothe controversi tout ensembley discussed whether much(prenominal) restrictions foot be upheld under the root Amendment.However, softw are documentationers of such restrictions turn out(p) that the starting time Amendment is written in wrong of quarrel and non of speakers and does non signal between different classes of speakers. Thus, restrictio ns on semipolitical speech supportnot be warrant all based on the speakers in merged identity or its pecuniary getness and in arranged with the objective of preserving the faithfulness of the political suffice. Introduction TTThe freedom of speech is understood as an essential utensil of democracy, for the free and universe discussion of political affairs enables citizens to make in coordinateed choices among chances for office.owe to stock certificateamental changes in society political views be increasingly expressed through organizations and messs. In this respect, the protection of bodily speech under the First Amendment is astray recognized. Restrictions on corporate expenditures for political speech melt off the quantity of speech and thus restrict political speech itself. Along these lines, in Citizen coupled v. Federal choice Commission, the Supreme Court struck down statutory restrictions on corporate expenditures for electioneering communications as violating the First Amendment.However, this decision was widely criticized, in particular chairwoman Barak Obama goddam it as opening of the floodgates for special employs to fall out without pin down in unify States elections and contended that Ameri hind end elections should not be bankrolled by Americas virtually potent interests. further the governmental interest in pr pull downting decomposition in the electoral process, the First Amendment does not distinguish between different classes of speakers and grants a corporation the alike political speech rights as a natural person.To that effect, I intend to assess whether restrictions on corporate expenditures as imposed by the two-party Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA) can be justified under the First Amendment. The paper has three master(prenominal) parts. To lower with, I quickly analyze in how far the comestible on corporate expenditures contained in the BCRA restrict the right of corporations to free speech under the first amendment.In part II, I examine the main arguments to justify such restrictions on corporate speech and raise some objections against them and finally, in the last part of the paper I examine to which extent the restrictions imposed by the BCRA argon narrowly bespoke to and consistent with the objectives they intend to hand. I. Analysis of the Restraint The BCRA, out(p) the use of corporate general exchequer bills for electioneering communications and just allows expenditures by segregated corporate funds through political personationion committees (PACs).As PACs are burdensome and expensive to dish out they reduce the quantity of speech, for the quantity of speech is limited by pecuniary resources lendable for the expression of political ideas. Consequently, expenditure restrictions guide as a barrier to corporate speech and in that respectby prevent corporate voices from reaching the cosmos and advising voters and deprive the public of its right to deci de which speech and speakers are worthy of consideration. Therefore, restrictions on corporate expenditures in like manner restrict political speech itself. much(prenominal) restrictions can just now be justified if they further a stimulate interest and are narrowly tailored to achieve this interest. II. Compelling Governmental Interest In line with capital of Texas v. Michigan chamber of Commerce, it is argued that restrictions on corporate expenditures serve a compelling interest in preserving the unity of the electoral process. As corporations, unlike individuals, be in possession of more power and financial resources than most individuals they can exert a greater influence on public political grapples.To that effect, restrictions on corporate expenditures are claimed to be necessary to avoid quid pro quo decadence, namely to prevent corporations from exercising wild influence on officeholders inducing them to act contrary to their obligations of office by the scene of financial gain or in otherwise words to prevent corporations from purchasing favors from a view. Opponents of expenditure restrictions contend that independent expenditures are not as weighty as contributions, for they are not prearranged with candidate and capacity even turn out to be to the detriment of the candidate for such lack of prearrangement.However, I am not prepared to agree with this contemplation. As corporations unremarkably inform candidates about their conduct, independent expenditures can have the same effect as direct contributions. On that note the move emphasizes in McConnell v. Federal preference Comn that independent expenditures can be even more effective to induce then-elected officials to exercise their duties in favor of their corporate care-givers, because candidates slam very well who their friends are.Notwithstanding the pizzazz to prevent corruption, the First Amendment does not distinguish between powerful and less powerful speakers, but st ands against attempts to disfavor certain subjects or viewpoints and protects an open marketplace of ideas where speakers can engage in vigorous advocacy. Therefore, it is inconsistent with attempts to restrict the speech of some to enhance the speech of others and the right to free speech cannot be made dependent on a persons financial ability to engage in public discussion.In line with this, the Supreme Court held in Buckley v. Valeo that individuals and unincorporated groups are free to spend unlimited amounts to pass on a candidate or his views. In this light, the potential for corruption cannot be said to be higher(prenominal) than in case of expenditures by individuals and there is no reason why corporate expenditures should be limited while a billionaire can lawfulnessfully spend millions to promote a candidate and exercise the same potential influence on the public cope.In addition, expenditure restrictions are claimed to be justified by a compelling interest to protect s hareholders from being compelled to fund corporate speech, although their investments in the corporation all reflect economical choices, but not necessarily support for the corporations political ideas. Unlike individual speakers, corporations only operate to make profits and their club in elections is transactional rather than ideological as they usually give money to candidates from twain sides.At that, the special services of the corporate form like limited liability and approving treatment of the accumulation and distribution of assets break a corporations abilities to suck up capital. Therefore, it is argued that resources a corporation acquired in the economic marketplace provide an unfair advantage on the political marketplace, because State law only allows corporations to be rife in the economy, but not in politics.Although shareholders are free to sell their shares and cease the support of a corporation, they might be unwilling to withdraw their investment as th is might force them to sacrifice profits from the corporations nonpolitical operations. However, this approach ignores that all speakers, even individuals, use money pile uped on the economic marketplace to fund their speech. For instance, political speech might be funded through speakers salaries although their employer does not necessarily support their views or might be financed by loans from creditors who do not necessarily support the speakers views.III. atomic number 18 Expenditure Restrictions Narrowly Tailored? eve assuming that the aforementioned interests could be considered compelling, the provisions of the BCRA are not narrowly tailored to achieve those interests. They are overinclusive because they include teeny-weeny corporations that do not possess the financial ability to exercise a dominant influence on the political debate and non-profit organizations.On the other hand, they are underinclusive for they draw media corporations, although in particular modern med ia empires amass immense wealth and unreviewable power and are equally if not better render to influence the public political debate than other corporations. Many media corporations are have or controlled by corporations that have divers(a) and substantial investments and participate in endeavors other than news.As a result, a corporation owning a media blood line and a non-media business could exercise its control over the media to get along with its overall business interests whereas other corporations would be prohibited from promoting the same issue. Lastly, political speech is so integrated in this clownishs culture that speakers will everlastingly find a way to elude campaign finance laws. Conclusion Restrictions on corporate expenditures for electioneering communications can no longer be upheld under the First Amendment. Likewise, no other restrictions on free speech can be imposed solely based on the corporate identity of the speaker.Nevertheless, I do not believe th at the special interests of powerful corporations are likely to take over control of the electoral process, since disclaimer, disclosure and report standards ensure the integrity of the political process and allow voters to make a ripe choice. However, if Congress considers corporate expenditures to pose a threat to the integrity of the electoral process it is free to limit expenditures of all speakers, including individuals, or to impose heightened disclosure or account standards, provided they can identify a compelling interest for such restrictions. - 1 . Darrell A. H. Miller, Guns, Inc. Citizens United, Mcdonald, and the future tense of corporate Constitutional objurgates, 86 NYUL. Rev. 887, 899 2011 First Nat. Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 435 US 765, 98 S Ct 1407, 55 L. Ed. 2d 707 1978 Citizens United v. Fed. Election Comn, cxxx S Ct 876, 900, one hundred seventy-five L Ed 2d 753 2010 Id. cxxx S Ct at 925-926 United States v. Playboy 529 U. S. 803, 813, one hundred twe nty S. Ct. 1978, 146 L. Ed. 2d 865 2000. 2 . Kusper v. Pontikes 414 US 51, 56, 57, 94 S Ct 303, 307, 38 L Ed 2d 260 1973 Citizens United 130 S Ct 876, 885 Id. t , 899, 905, 913 Bellotti, 435 U. S. , at 783-784 Alex Osterlind, enceinte A Voice to the Inanimate, at 275 Breanne Gilpatrick, Removing Corporate Campaign Finance Restrictions in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 130 S. Ct. 876 (2010), 34 Harv. JL & Pub Poly 405, 416 2011. 3 . mill about v. Alabama 384 US 214, 218, 86 S Ct 1434, 1437, 16 L Ed 2d 484 Bellotti at 777 Citizens United at 898-899 Buckley v. Valeo, 424 US 1, 14-15, 96 S Ct 612, 46 L Ed 2d 659 1976. 4 . Bellotti, at 777-778 Time, Inc. v. Firestone, 424 U. S. 448, 96 S. Ct. 958, 47 L.Ed. 2d 154 1976 Doran v. Salem Inn, Inc. , 422 U. S. 922, 95 S. Ct. 2561, 45 L. Ed. 2d 648 1975 Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad, 420 U. S. 546, 95 S. Ct. 1239, 43 L. Ed. 2d 448 1975 Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U. S. 469, 95 S. Ct. 1029, 43 L. Ed. 2d 32 8 1975 Miami Herald publishing Co. v. Tornillo, 418 U. S. 241, 94 S. Ct. 2831, 41 L. Ed. 2d 730 1974 impertinently York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U. S. 713, 91 S. Ct. 2140, 29 L. Ed. 2d 822 1971 (per curiam) Time, Inc. v. Hill, 385 U. S. 374, 87 S. Ct. 534, 17 L. Ed. 2d 456 1967 NAACP v.Button, 371 U. S. 415, 428-429, 83 S. Ct 328 9 L. Ed. 2d 405 Grosjean v. American Press Co. , 297 U. S. 233, 244, 56 S. Ct. 444, 80 L. Ed. 660 1936 5 . Buckley, 424 U. S. 1, 19 Citizens United at 898. 6 . Citizens United v Fed. Election Comn, 130 S Ct 876, 175 L Ed 2d 753 2010. 7 . Alex Osterlind, Giving A Voice to the Inanimate, 76 Mo L Rev 259 2011 Bradley A. Smith, President Wrong on Citizens United Case, NATL REV. ONLINE, Jan. 27, 2010, http//corner. nationalreview. com/ identify/? q=ZTVkODZiM2M0ODEzOGQ3MTMwYzgzYjNmODBiMzQz=. 8 .Bellotti, 435 US 765 Citizens United at 900, 925-926 Playboy 529 U. S. 803, 813 Kusper v. Pontikes 414 US 51, 56, 57, 94 S Ct 303, 307, 38 L Ed 2d 260 1973 Ci tizens United 130 S Ct 876, 885 Id. at , 899, 905, 913 Bellotti, 435 U. S. , at 783-784 Alex Osterlind, Giving A Voice to the Inanimate, at 275 Breanne Gilpatrick, Removing Corporate Campaign Finance Restrictions, at 416. 9 . Pub. L. No. 107-155, 116 Stat. 81 (codified in disperse sections of 2, 8, 18, 28, 36, 47 U. S. C. ). 10 . Pub. L. No. 107-155, 116 Stat. 81 Citizens United, at 887 (citing 2 U.S. C. 441b(B)(2) (2006)). 11 . Citizens United at, 897 McConnell v Fed. Election Comn, 540 US 93, 330-333, 124 S Ct 619, 630, 157 L Ed 2d 491 2003 overruled by Citizens United Fed. Election Comn v Massachusetts Citizens for Life, Inc. , 479 US 238, 253-254, 107 S Ct 616, 619, 93 L Ed 2d 539 1986 Buckley, 424 U. S. 1, 19. 12 . Citizens United at 899 Bellotti, at 791-92 Kingsley Intern. Pictures Corp. v Regents of Univ. of State of N. Y. , 360 US 684, 689 1959. 13 . Citizens United, at 898 Fed. Election Comn v Wisconsin Right To Life, Inc. 551 US 449, 464, 127 S Ct 2652, 2657, 168 L Ed 2d 329 2007. 14 . Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, 494 US 652,659- 660, one hundred ten S Ct 1391, 1395, 108 L Ed 2d 652 1990 overruled by Citizens United Fed. Election Comn v Natl. Conservative Political feat Comm. , 470 US 480, 500-501 105 S Ct 1459, 84 L Ed 2d 455 1985. 15 . NCPAC, 470 US 480, 496-497. 16 . McConnell, 540 US 93, at 143-144 Id. at 150, 152-154, 297 Fed. Election Comn v Colorado Republican Fed. Campaign Comm. , 533 US 431, 441, 121 S Ct 2351, 150 L Ed 2d 461 2001 Nixon v lessen Missouri Govt.PAC, 528 US 377, 389, 120 S Ct 897, 145 L Ed 2d 886 2000. 17 . Buckley, 424 US 1, 45-46. 18 . Citizens United at 926 McConnell, 251 F supp. 2d at 555-560, 622-625 Playboy at 804-805, 813 WRTL at 478 Buckley at 45. 19 . Mcconnell, 540 US at 129. 20 . United States v Intl. amount United Auto. , Aircraft and Agr. Implement thrashers of Am. (UAW-CIO), 352 US 567, 597, 77 S Ct 529, 1 L Ed 2d 563 1957 Citizens United at 883 Playboy at 803, 813 Bellotti at 784. 2 1 . Citizens United at 907. 22 . Buckley at 47-48 CU unexampled York Times Co. v.Sullivan, 376 US at 269, 84 S. Ct at 721 (quoting Bridges v. California 314 US 252, 270, 62 S. Ct. 190, 197, 86 L. Ed. 192 (1941) NACAP at 419. 23 . Kusper v. Pontikes 424 us at 48-49, Buckley, 96 S. Ct at 648-649. 24 . Buckley, 424 US 1, 48 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 US at 269 NACAP, 371 us at 419. 25 . Buckley at 45. 26 . Austin at 497-498 500-501 105 S. Ct at 1468-1469 NCPAC, supra at 500-501. 27 . Austin, 494 US 652, 685. 28 . Id. at 659 MCFL 479 US at 257,258, 263 FEC v. National Right to Work Committee 459 US 197, 208, 103 S. Ct. 52, 559, 74 L. Ed. 2d 364 (1982) Pipefitter v. United States 407 US 385, 414-415, 92 S. Ct. 2247, 2264, 33 L. Ed. 2d 11 (1972) Bellotti 98 S Ct 1407, 1431 29 . McConnell 540 US at 148. 30 . Austin 494 US at 658-659. 31 . Austin 494 US at 658-659. 32 . Id. at 710. 33 . MCFL, 479 US 238, 260, 264, 107 S Ct 616, 629, 631. 34 . Citizen United, at 904 Au stin at 660. 35 . Citizens United, at 905. 36 . Citizens United, at 905. 37 . Citizens United at 906. 38 . Citizens United at 906. 39 . Citizen United at 911-13 McConnell 540 US at 176-177.