Happiness Vs Happiness Essay - 1067 Words

There is a quote said by the famous philosopher Socrates: â€Å"He who is not contented with what he has, would not be contented with what he would have.† There could be several different fashions depending on how one might personally interpret this quote. One manner on how this quote can regarded is with the consideration of the age-old battle between desire and contentment. This concept is based off this question: If you’re always searching for more, what makes you think that you’ll ever find true happiness? The societies now are built upon a hunger of getting more and more to help achieve happiness in one’s life. Therefore, if one is always surrounded by the negative atmosphere created by this idea, they will surely develop a corrupt mind.†¦show more content†¦He then started to think that his wife would only be careless or extremely careful with the money. Anytime he would try to spend it, she would become angry. The story continues with how he believed he was better than his wife and that she had â€Å"grown elderly and plain, and that she was saturated through and through with the smell of cooking†. He assumes that he’d be able to remarry without a worry. He became fully overcome by greed. The minute Ivan thought he’d be happy with what he had, he developed something else better that he’d want. No matter how content he believed he was with what he was privileged enough to have, he wanted more and improved items. This continued to escalate proving that since he was not happy with what he had, and he would not be content with what he would have. Mme. Loisel, the main character from the short story â€Å"The Necklace† by Guy de Maupassant is another splendid example of this idea. She also suffered from the endless cycle of greed. Instead of her convincing herself, she clearly knew she was uncontent with her life. Mathilde had â€Å"dressed plainly because she had never been able to afford anything better, but she was unhappy as if she had once been rich.† She never knew that sort of lifestyle, but she had craved it severely. She didn’t realize all the privileges she had then as she thought they were rights. Mme. Loisel had always believed that she was entitled to all the frill of the upper classes. She lustedShow MoreRelatedEssay on American vs Asian Happiness847 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican /vs/ Asian View on Happiness Sandra Branco 9044618802 PSY/220 January 28, 2013 Jeana Esler View on Happiness View on Happiness Americans associate feelings of happiness with personal achievement, the Asian associate those feelings with an entire society’s harmony. Asian people feel emotion less often than Americans. Asians tended to rate their emotional events as more neutral than Americans rated theirs. 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Star Wars Sci Fi Essay Free Essays

English Essay Explain how film codes are used to convey the elements of the science fiction genre in the film Star Wars. Start with the element of science fiction and then bring in the example Introduction George Lucas uses film codes in the film Star Wars to help convey the elements of science fiction. The film codes help to portray the science fiction through out the film. We will write a custom essay sample on Star Wars Sci Fi Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unusual characters, unusual settings and advanced technology all portray the science fiction in the film. Technical, Audio and Symbolic are film codes that are particularly used in the film. Paragraph one Audio and technical codes are used to convey the element of science fiction, through the use of unusual characters. This can be shown through the way the camera looks at the character to show power and vulnerability. For example when R2D2 is hiding from the sand people they take a close up of him. This shows that he is vulnerable as the sand people might take him otherwise. Another example of technical codes would be when there is a low angle taken of when a sand person is on a bantha. This shows that the sand people are powerful. An example of when audio codes are used is when the sand people speak their different language. This is used to make the viewer unfamiliar with the character and think of them as foreign. Another example of audio is the tribal music, to show that the sand people are coming and make the viewer aware of their presence. These examples of film codes in this scene help to convey this element of science fiction. Paragraph 2 Audio and technical codes are used to convey the element of science fiction, through the use of unusual settings. This can be shown through the use of audio one way would be the sound effects. For example when serpent is lurking in the water in the trash contractor. This helps to create suspense for the viewer, as they don’t know what is going to happen. Another example when the trash contractor is shutting, this sound effect helps to create anxiety and worry for the viewer as they wait to see what happens. Technical is another code that is used in this scene to help show the science fiction element of unusual setting. This can be seen when there is a close up of Han solo’s feet in the water. This shows the viewer that the group are vulnerable and creates suspense for the viewer. Another example of a technical code would be when there is a long shot of the trash contractor closing in on Han Solo, Chewbacca, Princess Leia and Luke. This is example of a technical code shows the viewer that they are in trouble and creates a feeling of anxiety. All of these examples of film codes help to convey the particular element of science fiction. Paragraph 3 Symbolic and Audio codes are used throughout the scene to convey the element of science fiction through the use of good vs. evil. An example of a symbolic code would be how Darth Vader’s lightsaber is red and Obi Wan Kenobi’s in Blue. This symbolises that Darth Vader is evil and Obi Wan Kenobi is good. Another example of a symbolic code can be shown when Darth Vader kills Obi Wan and all that is left is Obi’s coat and Darth Vader stomps on it. This symbolises Obi Wan Kenobi’s power. An Example of an audio code can be shown when there is silence in the movie and all you can hear is the lightsbaers. This creates suspense for the viewer as well as making them anxious. Another example of an audio code is shown when Luke says ‘no’ when Obi Wan Kenobi dies. This shows that Luke cares for him and makes the viewer feel as if it won’t be the same with out him. All of these examples of film codes help to convey the science fiction element of Good vs. Evil. Conclusion In conclusion film codes are used throughout the movie to convey the elements of science fiction. The elements of science fiction are portrayed by different films codes and can be seen particularly in Symbolic, audio and technical codes. George Lucas uses film codes to portray the film codes which provides a exciting film Which Element of science fiction Scene 1: Unusual Characters Scene 3: Unusual Settings Scene 4: Advanced Technology How to cite Star Wars Sci Fi Essay, Essay examples

A grain of wheat and jomo keny Essay Example For Students

A grain of wheat and jomo keny Essay Throughout my life I have read many novels. This book was very interesting. This is a compelling account of the turbulence that inflamed Kenya in the 1950s and its impact on peoples lives. A brand new perspective upon the emancipation of so-called Third World Country .On the verge of Kenya independence, both colonizers and colonized were bewildered and confused. White colonial agents lost faith on their lifelong commitment, and Kenyans were cast into a precarious future, which they had been longed for, and at the same time, worried about. National passion became a nostalgia censorship and those who did not contribute to this exploit or those who chose to save his own skin or family and betray his to the movement bore a brand Cain on their forehead forever. A vivid description of the struggle between nation and individual. Despite Nguguis flashback format A Grain of Wheat is certainly an attention keeper. Kenya at the brink of Uhuru (freedom) from the British, as experienced through t he eyes of some interesting and greatly entertaining characters. Amazingly in the midst of this historical event the story is filled with love and betrayal. This is a tragic situation, where there can be no winners. It does not have heroes, heroes do not exist in tragedies- rather it has real people with real feelings, who due to the nature of the system, and their beliefs brought about by years of conditioning must come face to face with brutal realities. The book painfully traces the genesis of the conflict, and as demonstrated with Mugo, everybody is affected, you cannot be a bystander, neither is the people necessarily evil, but rather is as a result of complex situations that comforts them. Though, we do not want to believe, its with the quilt admission by Mugo, that makes him great, and which inevitably starts a healing painful process that must be addressed. Jomo Kenyatta is played a very important role in the backdrop of the novel A Grain of Wheat Through his role in the his tory of Kenya, his role in the novel as some what compared to Moses and his influentially book Facing Mount Kenya. Jomo Kenyatta played a vital role in the demanding Kenyan self-government and independence from Great Britain. Together with other prominent African nationalist figures, such as Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Kenyatta helped organize the fifth Pan-African Congress in Great Britain in 1945. The congress, modeled after the four congresses organized by black American intellectual W.E.B. Du Bois between 1919 and 1927 and attended by black leaders and intellectuals from around the world, affirmed the goals of African nationalism and unity. In September 1946 Kenyatta returned to Kenya, and in June 1947 he became president of the first colony-wide African political organization, the Kenya African Union (KAU), which had been formed more than two years earlier. Recruiting both Kikuyu and non-Kikuyu support, Kenyatta devoted considerable energy to KAUs efforts to win self-government und er African leadership. KAU was unsuccessful, however, and African resistance to colonial policies and the supremacy of European settlers in Kenya took on a more militant tone. In 1952 an extremist Kikuyu guerrilla movement called Mau Mau began advocating violence against the colonial government and white settlers. Never a radical, Kenyatta did not advocate violence to achieve African political goals. Nevertheless, the colonial authorities arrested him and five other KAU leaders in October 1952 for allegedly managing Mau Mau. The six leaders were tried and, in April 1953, convicted. Kenyatta spent almost nine years in jail and detention. By the time he was freed in August 1961, Kenya was moving towards self-government under African leadership, and Kenyatta had been embraced, as the colonys most important independence leader. Shortly after his release, Kenyatta assumed the leadership of the Kenya African National Union (KANU), a party founded in 1960 and supported by the Kikuyu and Lu o. He led the party to victory in the pre-independence elections of May 1963 and was named Prime Minister of Kenya in June. Kenyatta led Kenya to formal independence in December of that year. Kenya was established as a republic in December 1964, and Kenyatta was elected Kenyas first president the same month. .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf , .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf .postImageUrl , .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf , .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf:hover , .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf:visited , .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf:active { border:0!important; } .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf:active , .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u598f38a229ce17b1e3c11c2739bb85cf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Assessing the Competitive Advantage of a Construction Company Essay Jomo Kenyatta played a vital role in A Grain of Wheat. He did not play a main character he played the issued by being a major player in the movement that was going on in the novel .In the being of the novel (pg.14), a movement meeting in Rung’ei Market was very crowded because it was rumored that Kenyatta would appear. In the novel when anyone saw they always made a big deal about it. Jomo Kenyatta was thought of as Moses because the people (Africans) were behind him. At the end he did lead the people through the water (British). He was also thought of as Moses because of his time behind bars and his triumph to the Kenyan presidency. Facing Mount Kenya is one of the first really competent and instructions contributions to African ethnography by a scholar of pure African Heritage. Through his upbringing Mr. Kenyatta combines to an unusual extent the knowledge of Western ways and Western modes of thought with a training and outlook essentially African. As a first-hand account of a representative African culture, as an invaluable document in the principles underlying culture-contact and change; last, not least, as a personal statement of the new outlook of a progressive African, this book will rank as a pioneering achievement of outstanding merit. Facing Mount Kenya is a central document of the highest distinction in anthropological literature, an invaluable key to the structure of African society and the nature of the African mind. Facing Mount Kenya is not only a formal study of life and death, work and play, sex and the family in one of the greatest tribes of contemporary Africa, but a work of considerable litera ry merit. The very sight and sound of Kikuyu tribal life presented here are at once comprehensive and intimate, and as precise as they are compassionate. In conclusion, Jomo Kenyatta played a vital role in the novel A Grain of Wheat. A Grain of wheat was a vey interesting and long book . It takes the reader into the minds of people who lived through the struggle to liberate kenya. It takes there loyalty and some of the characters non-chalet attitude.

William Faulkner Essays (2836 words) - Literature,

William Faulkner William Faulkner is viewed by many as America's greatest writer of prose fiction. He was born in New Albany, Mississippi, where he lived a life filled with good times as well as bad. However, despite bad times he would become known as a poet, a short story writer, and finally one of the greatest contemporary novelists of his time. William Faulkner's accomplishments resulted not only from his love and devotion to writing, but also from family, friends, and certain uncontrollable events. William Faulkner's life is an astonishing accomplishment; however, it is crucial to explore his life prior to his fixated writing career (Mack 1794-1798). In 1905, Faulkner entered the first grade at the tender age of eight, and immediately showed signs of talent. He not only drew an explicitly detailed drawing of a locomotive, but he soon became an honor-roll student. Throughout his early education, he would work conscientiously at reading, spelling, writing, and arithmetic. However, he especially enj oyed drawing. When Faulkner got promoted to the third grade, skipping the second grade, he was asked by his teacher what he wanted to be when he grew up. He replied, I want to be a writer just like my great granddaddy(Minter 18). Faulkner took interest in poetry around 1910, but no one in Oxford, Mississippi, could tell him hat to do with his poems. Faulkner, who was very talkative, would always entertain Estelle Oldham by telling her vividly imaginary stories. Eventually, Faulkner grew very fond of Estelle. She became the sole inspirer and recipient of Faulkner's earlier poems. Not long after Faulkner began seeing Estelle regularly, he met a man named Phil Stone who was dating one of Estelle's friends, Katrina. Katrina had told Stone about Faulkner and his poetry. So one afternoon, Stone went to Faulkner's house to get to know him better, and during his visit he received several written verses from Faulkner's poetry. Stone not only became a very close friend of Faulkner's, but also a mentor to the young writer at the beginning of his career. Stone immediately gave the potential poet encouragement, advice, and models for his study of literature (Minter 29). As Faulkner grew older he began to lose interest in his schoolwork and turned his attention to athletics, such as football and baseball, which caused his grades to start to fall. Eventually, he quit both athletics and school altogether. In 1919, his first literary work was acknowledged and published. The poem is a forty-line verse with a French title that acknowledges the influence of the French Symbolists. From Mallarme he took the title of his first published poem; from Verlaine's 'Le Faune' he took the central device of The Marble Faun(Minter 36). The Marble Faun brings Pastoral art and modern aestheticism into a conjunction that not only exposes the weaknesses of pastoral poetry, particularly its artificiality, but also establishes the pertinence of those weaknesses to our understanding of modern aesthe ticism(Minter 36). Faulkner enrolled at the University of Mississippi, and did not let his academic years distract him from writing more poems. The Mississippian, the student paper, published Landing in Luck. The short story, nine pages in length were created directly from his direct experience in the Royal Air Force flight training in 1916. After awhile he began to get tired of school once again. He started cutting classes and finally stopped going. In the summer of 1921, Faulkner decided to take a trip to New York to receive some professional instruction from editors and critics, because Stone was busy with his academic studies. Faulkner stayed in New York and shared an incredibly small apartment with a man named Stark Young (Minter 35-40). During Faulkner's stay in New York, Stone became worried about him and his financial troubles. So Stone immediately went to work on behalf of his friend and became the Assistant District Attorney. Within a few months, his restlessness had taken him back to Oxford and the most improbable job he would ever hold(Minter 42). Stone pulled some strings and got Faulkner appointed to the job of postmaster at the university post office. Even as postmaster, Faulkner still found time to write. When Faulkner finished the typescript for Soldier's Pay, he it sent

Gaughin essays

Gaughin essays Paul Gauguin was a French painter born on June 7, 1848 in Paris. Earlier in his life while at Peru he lived a successful life as stockbroker with his wife and five children. After seeing his first impressionist exhibit in 1874 Gauguin started to collect and to paint and at the age of 35 Gauguin then leaves his family and children to devote this entire life to painting. Gauguin used oil to paint and his style of painting was impressionism. Impressionism is a technique that was developed in France during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The most obvious characteristic of Impressionism is the attempt to accurately and objectively record visual reality in terms of transient effects of light and colour. But during 1886 to 1891 while in Brittany Gauguin made a transition from impressionism to a more naturalistic style which he called synthetism. Gauguin's most powerful and influential period was after 1895 when he spent the rest of his life in the tropics. While he lived on the island of Tahiti he created some very beautiful masterpieces. His subjects in the paintings ranged from the ordinary lives of the Tahitian women to ugly scenes of death. Then on May 9, 1903 Paul Gauguin passes away at the age of 45 while living in Marquesas. I have very many reasons as to why I chose Gauguin. Even though Gauguin spent his elder years in the tropics and I have never gone anywhere near it I have seen, however, how the tropics look like and I like the atmosphere and the environment of it very much. I think Gauguin also liked it very much in the tropics that is why he spent the rest of his life there to paint his surroundings which include palm trees and people. I, on the other hand, only painted palm trees and marine animals with no human beings involved. Another reason as to why I chose Gauguin is because we use similar colour schemes throughout our paintings. Gauguin's colours are very bold and vibrant which give a very joyous ...

Quantify References to Elapsed Time

Quantify References to Elapsed Time Quantify References to Elapsed Time Quantify References to Elapsed Time By Mark Nichol A writer’s book-jacket bio mentions that she’s been a reporter for fifteen years. An online product review refers to a device having been launched last fall. Your blog relates that you attended a conference the previous month. What’s wrong with each of these descriptions? They all assume the reader is trapped in temporal stasis. By the time the book comes out, the bio’s reference to the writer’s tenure will be outdated. When someone checks it out from a library or picks it up at a used-book store five years later, it will be even more so. The solution? â€Å"Jane Doe has been a reporter since 1996.† Anyone researching the product online who comes across the review may miss the small, obscure dateline and assume the device came on the market the previous fall, when it may in fact be years old. The solution? â€Å"The Wacky Widget, launched in fall 2010, still tops the market in quality.† Visitors reading your blog’s archives will wonder why you misidentified the time of year when a well-known conference takes place. The solution? â€Å"I had an interesting experience at the July 2011 OMG conference.† None of these errors is serious, but they are all errors, and they are all easily avoided. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of Adjectives50 Idioms About Roads and PathsThe Difference Between "Phonics" and "Phonetics"

Complete College Design Presentation Research Paper

Complete College Design Presentation - Research Paper Example According to Gumbel (2012) there are several reasons that lead to unemployment among graduates. First, this can be attributed to lack of networking among the students. Correspondence between students and their seniors helps in integration of ideas and the new interface of what is happening in the field. In another research, Awosusi (2012) acknowledges that students have been blamed by institution although the fact remains that students and fresh graduates find it difficult to incorporate views and experiences of students and graduates. This therefore requires a good network to achieve a fully fledged correspondence between graduates and the colleges. According to Weissmann (2012), the transition theory is quite relevant as an intervention of the internship and job placement. These together constitute the developmental theory which requires that participants cope and adjust to various transitions in life. Transition leads to stress in life and there are four ways in which one can adjust to these changes. The four aspects include strategies, self, situation and support. This theory applies to senior students in colleges. Students constantly move in and out of the universities and varied phases in daily lives. It therefore requires that the process many either be anticipated or not. In this context, Akron University has most of its population of students as commuters. This therefore implies that travelling reduces competence, makes most of the students and it also affects management of emotions. The students in this institution therefore live independent due to distance from parental care. This has made to resolute help from tutors and classmates. Akron University enrolls all students despite race and culture. It does not limit their intake based on age or gender. The students’ body at the university is thus diverse with mixed cultures and beliefs and

Human Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Human Health - Essay Example lth, and its role in disease prevention, is too often neglected, leading to increasing deaths caused by diseases; this can be inferred from the 1997 figures of the Health Division of Statistics Canada (Table 1). It is desirable to be more aware of the factors affecting human health and the prevention and remedial measures, to be taken. Modern media like the internet and electronic mail are utilized to promote health awareness, but are not always reliable or easily understandable to lay persons. Hence it is important to assess and discern between reliable and unreliable information. This essay is a step taken towards improving awareness regarding health. Herein, an article titled â€Å"Trans Fat†, electronically published by Health Canada (2005), in It’s Your Health, will be assessed critically by this student (article enclosed), in the perspective of the learning gained from the ‘Health Studies 200’. The statements made in the article will be analyzed for their presentation of facts without bias, the simplicity of presentation and, usefulness in promoting health awareness; in the process, the student shall try to learn and understand the issues involved in the prevention of diseases and promotion of physical health and fitness. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Canadian Government’s premier agency for health research, in a report reviewed in the year 2004 states that, â€Å"Cardio-Vascular Disease is the leading cause of death in Canada, accounting for at least 36% of all deaths 37% among women, 35% among men, or about 80,000 people each year†. According to Statistics Canada, Health Statistics Division, 1997 figures, Cancer caused 27.2% of all deaths, and was the leading cause, and Cardio-Vascular Diseases (CVD) was behind with 26.6% (see Table 1). Other leading causes for death are (also diseases) Cancer, Cerebro-vascular diseases etc. Deaths caused by ‘unintentional injuries’ is a negligible .4 %. CVD seem to have increased since

Energy Drink and Red Bull Essay Example for Free

Energy Drink and Red Bull Essay This global profile focuses on the industry trends in soft drinks. ? All values expressed in this report are retail/off-trade in US dollar terms using a fixed exchange rate (2012). ? 2012 figures are based on part-year estimates. ? All forecast data are expressed in constant terms; inflationary effects are discounted. Conversely, all historical data are expressed in current terms; inflationary effects are taken into account. SOFT DRINKS OFF-TRADE RTD VOLUME 534. 8 billion litres Bottled Water 192 billion litres Sports and Bottled and Energy Drinks Sports Energy Water 15 billion litres Drinks 205. 1 billion 16. 2 billion litres Concentrates litres 43 billion litres RTD Coffee 4. 5 billion litres Disclaimer Much of the information in this briefing is of a statistical nature and, while every attempt has been made to ensure accuracy and reliability, Euromonitor International cannot be held responsible for omissions or errors. Figures in tables and analyses are calculated from unrounded data and may not sum. Analyses found in the briefings may not totally reflect the companies’ opinions, reader discretion is advised. Carbonates 169. 5 billion litres. Fruit/Vegetable Juice 62. 0 billion litres Concentrates 43. 7 billion litres RTD Tea 30. 1 billion litres While Red Bull remains the world leader in energy drinks, it is facing growing competition from other players. TCCC in particular, with Monster in the US and Burn in Brazil, is also posing an increasing threat. These two markets are emerging as energy drinks battlegrounds and the implications are considerable for Red Bull’s ability to remain the number one ranked player.  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 2Dietrich Mateschitz and Chaleo Yoovidhya each owned a 49% stake prior to 2012 when Mr Yoovidhya passed away. Mr Yoovidhya’s son Chalerm holds the remaining 2%. While Mr Yoovidhya was alive he acted as a silent partner. Red Bull GmbH Headquarters: Regional involvement: Category involvement: Fuschl am See, Austria Global Carbonates, sports and energy drinks ? Red Bull has created the global market for energy drinks, and the pioneering Red Bull brand has became synonymous with energy drinks for a large number of consumers. Red Bull remains bullish and ambitious in their corporate brand. Despite rising competition, Red Bull continues to comfortably lead the global energy drinks market in both volume and value terms. However, the threat from The CocaCola Co (TCCC) has been mounting. World soft drinks share by off-trade 0. 2% RTD volume (2012): World soft drinks off-trade RTD volume 12. 4% growth (2011-2012):  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 4 STRATEGIC EVALUATION Red Bull continues to see strong net sales growth ? Red Bull operates many other businesses aside from energy drinks The company owns and manages a construction company, football clubs, youth academies and TV broadcasting and recently online clothing (Red Bull label only) sales. ? Additional media products include print magazines about football, motor racing, celebrity gossip and lifestyle. The company has even ventured into the mobile phone service business in Austria, Hungary, Switzerland and South Africa.? As a privately-held company, financial information is limited however the company reported net sales of â‚ ¬4. 9 billion in 2012 and 5. 2 billion cans sold, representing growth of 15. 9% and 12. 8%, respectively.  © Euromonitor International ? Red Bull reported exceptionally strong net sales growth in South Africa (+52%), Japan (+51%), Saudi Arabia (+38%), France (+21%), the US (+17%) and Germany (+14%). Red Bull cited efficient cost management and ongoing brand investment as underpinning its growing profitability. SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 5 STRATEGIC EVALUATION SWOT: Red Bull GmbH STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Broad geographic presence ? Red Bull has ? Red Bull has a broad established a strong, geographic presence, consistent brand image which should ensure (an independent, edgy positive long-term brand) globally. Red Bull growth even if certain is synonymous with markets reach maturity. energy drinks in many countries. Category leader OPPORTUNITIES Category limitations Controversial ? In overall soft drinks, ? The relatively high Red Bull has a limited caffeine content of Red product portfolio Bull makes the brand compared to the rising highly vulnerable to number of rivals with a regulatory control. plethora of flavour variants and categories. THREATS. Emerging markets New production Competition High marketing costs ? Red Bull is building a new ? Monster represents the ? Market maturity in ? Emerging markets production facility in Brazil biggest threat to Red developed markets will represent newer which is likely to make its Bull as it contains make marketing to its geographies for Red retail price more natural ingredients, core consumers harder Bull’s expansion. competitive than imported which seem more than in the past. Accelerating the product prices. Building a desirable than Red Bull Constant communication marketing and site in Asia should also be for some consumers.with consumers means sponsorships in these high marketing costs. markets is a wise move. considered.  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 6 STRATEGIC EVALUATION Key strategic challenges and objectives It is not easy at the top ? Red Bull’s success has attracted considerable interest from soft drinks multinationals, TCCC and PepsiCo. TCCC in particular has been successful at leveraging its distribution network to launch Burn across many markets and to back Monster. Burn is a major threat to Red Bull in Brazil while in the US Monster has overtaken Red Bull in offtrade volume sales terms. Red Bull will need to find ways to hold onto its number one ranking globally in energy drinks and stave off this competition. Will premium work in emerging markets? ? Red Bull has consistently maintained its premium positioning from its slimline metal cans to its price differential versus brands such as Monster. While this strategy has reaped dividends in the mature markets, it remains to be seen if it will sustain growth in the emerging markets. Brazil with its large population of lower-income consumers may pose a challenge giving cheaper brands such as TCCC’s Burn a competitive advantage. Red Bull stands up to health regulators ? While health officials continue to voice concerns over energy drinks and the category remains under threat from stronger regulation, energy drinks has seen relatively little impact in terms of sales. To some extent this has added to the category’s â€Å"edginess† attracting young consumers and generating consumer interest. There is little risk of Red Bull reformulating its product to cater to health concerns and instead the company insists that its products do not pose a health risk. Red Bull breaks with tradition in 2013 ? In 2013, Red Bull, for the first time in 15 years added new products to its energy drinks range. Red Bull underperformed the overall energy drinks market in 2011-2012. While the company’s market share of the energy drinks market in the US increased in 2012, the market’s growth rate overall began to wane. Red Bull remains heavily dependent on the US for its global growth. Weakness here is reflected in the company’s weakening global performance in volume terms. The company however continues to enjoy the position of number one ranked player in energy drinks globally with a 21. 4% market share. ? In terms of absolute volume growth however, the US remained Red Bull’s key growth engine in 2011-2012 reflecting growth of 96% over 2007-2012. Brazil came second in terms of absolute volume growth expanding by 608% over the review period or 48% CAGR. This market was a particular focus for Red Bull with the company sponsoring various sporting events in order to raise the brand’s profile.  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 9 COMPETITIVE POSITIONING Red Bull faces mounting pressure ? In value terms, the company’s performance was stronger in recent years although even in value terms the company’s performance fell below that of the energy drinks market overall. The energy drinks market has attracted a number of other players including Monster Beverage Co, and The Coca-Cola Co (TCCC) which marketed it own brands in the category including Burn as well as engaging in a distribution alliance with Monster Beverage Co. PepsiCo had a modest presence in energy drinks with its brand Sting; however like TCCC it maintained its own alliance, with Rockstar Inc. ? Red Bull’s sister brand non-carbonated Red Bull remains owned by TC Pharmaceutical which led the energy drinks category in China and was present in Thailand where it ranked second. Top 10 players in soft drinks by off-trade value share Soft Drinks: Global Top 10 Companies by Off-Trade Value, Rank 2007-2012 and 2012 Share 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2011 Company Coca-Cola Co, The PepsiCo Inc Nestle SA Suntory Holdings Ltd Dr Pepper Snapple Group Inc Danone, Groupe Red Bull GmbH Asahi Group Holdings Ltd % company share 2012 26. 2 11. 3 2. 8 2. 7 2. 0 1. 9 1. 6 1. 5 ? Danone’s volume share is significantly higher than its value share, due to its large volume sales of low-priced bottled water in emerging markets, notably Aqua (Asia Pacific) and Bonafont (Latin America). Meanwhile, Mondelez does not rank among the top 10 in value terms due to its reliance on the low-priced concentrates category in RTD volume terms. ? Red Bull GmbH however with its relatively premium but small serving size Red Bull brand ranks seventh in 2012. The company’s narrow focus in soft drinks, being almost exclusively based on energy drinks, continues to keep the company out of the top five in soft drinks. ? TCCC and PepsiCo capture a stronger share in value than in volume terms chiefly due to their products, particularly carbonates, being priced higher than local brands and   ? North America will continue to lead energy drinks in absolute volume growth terms over the forecast period. However, its CAGR of 8. 1% over 2012-2017 represents a moderation from the 11. 4% CAGR seen over 2007-2012. The Monster brand has led the market in the US over the review period in terms of absolute volume growth. Rockstar, due in large part to its alliance with PepsiCo, has also seen strong growth in this market. ? Red Bull entered China in 2011, however Asia Pacific remains the company’s weakest region in terms of market share. However, this region will be exceeded only by North America in terms of absolute off-trade volume growth over 2012-2017 which may raise some concerns for Red Bull. After a period of strong market share gains in this region between 2007-2010 its performance began to moderate. TC Pharmaceutical with its non-carbonated version of Red Bull is the regional leader. Despite the close relationship between Red Bull GmbH and TC Pharmaceutical with the latter having been founded by the late Chaleo Yoovidhya, the companies remain separate entities.  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 14 MARKET ASSESSMENT The Americas to lead growth in energy drinks ? In value terms, both Latin America and Asia Pacific gained in importance for Red Bull over the review period. Latin American sales represented 12% of global value sales in 2012 while Asia Pacific made up 8%. In terms of growth prospects, the strongest growth will take place in North America where the market for energy drinks will expand by US$4. 1 billion over 2012-2017. In CAGR terms however, the strongest performance will take place in Latin America which will see a 20% CAGR. ? Red Bull is ranked number one in both markets. In Latin America, its market share remains a healthy 49. 7%, however this represents a decline over 2007-2012 as the company faced strong competition from TCCC whose share has risen from 2. 5% in 2007 to 14. 9% in 2012. ? Growth in both Eastern and Western Europe will be a comparatively modest at 5% and 5. 1% CAGRs, respectively. However, these exceed the CAGRs for soft drinks overall in these regions, which will be only 2. 7% and 0. 5%, respectively. CATEGORY AND GEOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITIES Leading players in energy drinks by off-trade volume and value  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 17 CATEGORY AND GEOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITIES Red Bull shows some weakness in volume sales ? The rankings of the leading players in energy drinks vary significantly by volume and value. Red Bull commands a stronger market share in value than in volume terms reflecting its relatively high price points and reliance on the mature markets, particularly the US, for its sales. The company however maintained is leading position by both measures in 2012 although in both cases it has seen its market share plateau over 2007-2012. ? The Lucozade brand has faced strong competition in its domestic UK market from Red Bull. In 2012, GSK announced a strategic review of the Lucozade and Ribena brands, which may lead to possible divestment. ? Red Bull has been constrained to some extent in volume terms by its highly concentrated production infrastructure. Up to 2012, the company produced exclusively in Austria leading to high shipping and ? The major winner over the review period was production costs, which opened up the emerging Monster Beverage Co, which until 2012 was known markets in particular to less expensive energy drinks as Hansen Natural Corp. Underpinned by its brands. In 2012, the company announced plans to distribution agreement with TCCC the brand has build its first factory abroad in Brazil which may help made rapid gains in both value and volume terms. improve its competitiveness. The brand’s success has been driven by its North ? Rockstar’s distribution agreement with PepsiCo did American performance where it generated 90% of not bring in the same share gains as the Monster its volume sales in 2012. and TCCC alliance. Rockstar made few share gains ? In contrast GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and its Lucozade brand have been losing market share. In volume terms, GSK has lost 2. 4 percentage points in market share over 2007-2012. globally, with sales mainly coming from developed Western markets where Red Bull continues to lead. PepsiCo may have found it hard to drive Rockstar sales in these mature markets in the face of TCCC’s penetration and Red Bull’s dominance.  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 18 CATEGORY AND GEOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITIES Most dynamic energy drinks markets over forecast period  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 19 CATEGORY AND GEOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITIES Red Bull tries to counter weakness in key markets with new launch ? While the US will lead growth in energy drinks in both volume and value terms over 2012-2017 there are clear differences among the top 10 rankings by both measures. ? China will push ahead of Brazil in volume growth terms. The market for energy drinks in China is more mature than in Brazil. Unit price growth in Brazil will as a consequence be higher than that in China allowing it to take second position in terms of value sales growth. In China, Red Bull’s sister company TC Pharmaceutical with its Red Bull is the overwhelming category leader with a market share of 81. 2% in off-trade volume terms in 2012. ? Markets entering the top 10 in volume terms include the Philippines and Vietnam both relatively price-sensitive markets. Per capita consumption however in both markets is higher than the global average. Energy drinks in many Asian markets have a long history of being consumed by truck drivers and labourers as a temporary energy boost. These products were in fact the original inspiration for Red Bull; a Westernised version of the potent drinks sold through by Thai pharmacists.  © Euromonitor International ? The UK ranks among the top five most dynamic markets in both volume and value terms. While Lucozade remains the leader here, its fortunes have waned. Red Bull was responsible for much of Lucozade’s market share loss in the early part of the review period. However, later in the review period, smaller brands are increasing fragmentation. The UK is becoming increasingly fragmented as newer and smaller players have entered the market. ? In 2013, Red Bull launched three new flavour variants in the US market. This marks the first major launch for the brand in the energy drinks category over the review period. The new range called Edition includes cranberry-, blueberry- and lime- flavoured variants packaged in red, blue and silver cans, respectively. The move may help to invigorate consumer interest in key markets such as the UK and the US where the range of energy drinks options has increased considerably. It is recommended that the range be rolled out to other markets where market share has weakened. SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 20 CATEGORY AND GEOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITIES Top US brands in energy drinks  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 21 CATEGORY AND GEOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITIES Red Bull and Monster look to high-adrenaline sports sponsorship Monster pulls ahead in volume sales ? The Monster brand pulled ahead of Red Bull in the US energy drinks market in 2009 in volume sales terms but remains second to Red Bull in value terms. Monster has achieved wider presence in supermarket and forecourt retailers. TCCC has leveraged its strong distribution network through both channels thus giving Monster an edge in terms of volume sales. ? The Monster brand has also been supported by sponsorship of high-adrenaline sports such as MotoGP, NASCAR and Freestyle Motocross which is a direct challenge to Red Bull, which also relies on sponsorship of these sorts of events to maintain consumer interest. Another reason behind the disparity has been the fact that Red Bull sells primarily in smaller 8. 3oz cans, whereas Monster is sold in larger 16oz cans at a relatively cheaper price. Red Bull has since begun to offer its product in a wider variety of sizes and in 2012 trumped Monster with Red Bull Stratos, sponsoring Felix Baumgartner’s free-fall from over 128,000 feet. Threat from consumer health ? Both Monster and Red Bull have also been challenged by the 5-Hour Energy brand from Living Essentials, included in Euromonitor International’s Consumer Health database as a tonic and bottled nutritive drink. This product has been heavily marketed on US television and offers a small pack size (57ml) and the benefit of being sugar-free. While Monster is targeted primarily at younger male consumers, 5-Hour Energy is positioning itself as a pick-me-up for office workers and working mothers. ? The addition of new flavours in 2013 will help to reignite consumer interest. Red Bull’s success in the US has been due in part to its success in the on-trade which has helped to introduce the brand into the off-trade. Educating consumers about how the new flavours can be mixed with alcoholic drinks in the on-trade should form part the marketing campaign to launch the brand.  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 22. CATEGORY AND GEOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITIES Leading players in Brazilian energy drinks  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 23 CATEGORY AND GEOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITIES Red Bull vs Burn in Brazil TCCC pushes Burn ? Strong growth in the Brazilian energy drinks market has attracted a wider number of players, many of whom have focused on the emergent C socioeconomic class, launching energy drinks at lower prices in 1-litre PET bottles. Examples include BadBoy Power Drink from Horizonte and Orbit from Bebidas Chiamulera. These moves have helped to fuel growth overall in the category.? TCCC has made significant gains in the market with its Burn brand investing significant resources in marketing. Like Red Bull, TCCC has targeted high-adrenaline sporting activities, announcing in 2012 its sponsorship of Kimi Raikkonen’s Lotus F1 team. The brand competes directly with Red Bull, packaged similarly in a slimline metal can. Its price points however are typically lower than those of Red Bull giving it a stronger presence among lower-income groups. ? In 2012, Red Bull announced plans to begin producing its energy drinks locally. Localisation of production will help Red Bull ? Localising production in such a key market is a wise move for Red Bull. It also gives the company stronger capacity more widely in Latin America where the markets for energy drinks in Colombia and Mexico are also set to see strong growth. While Red Bull’s number one position remains safe for the time being, reducing the price premium with TCCC is recommended. This will be supported by significantly reducing costs associated with importing the product from Austria. ? The entry of Anheuser-Busch InBev NV was a key development in the market in 2011. By 2012, the Fusion brand had managed to capture 0. 2% of sales in off-trade volume terms which, while modest compared to the Red Bull brand at 19. 8%, indicates strong potential for further growth. Marketing initiatives centred around the popular Big Brother Brazil TV programme in 2012 helped to increase awareness of the brand among young people.  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 24 CATEGORY AND GEOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITIES Worlds apart: A tale of two Red Bulls ? The relative weakness of Red Bull from Red Bull GmbH in Asia Pacific is due in part to the strength of sister brand Red Bull from TC Pharmaceutical. A more cohesive international strategy should be developed by both companies. ? The strongest prospects for the two players is in China, however opportunities are also being missed in markets such as the Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia. TC Pharmaceutical sales here in energy drinks have been virtually flat over the review period, as newer, more dynamic brands such as Cobra from Asia Brewery and Sting from PepsiCo in the Philippines have invested heavily in marketing and advertising. ? A decisive entry for Red Bull GmbH in key Asian markets will be complicated by the presence of TC Pharmaceutical’s Red Bull. However, both companies could benefit from working more closely together including on the production side to reduce costs and widen their distribution network. The sudden death of TC Pharmaceutical founder Chaleo Yoovidhya in 2012 may present a challenge however in ongoing collaboration.  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 25 STRATEGIC EVALUATION COMPETITIVE POSITIONING MARKET ASSESSMENT CATEGORY AND GEOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITIES BRAND STRATEGY OPERATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS BRAND STRATEGY Red Bull’s premium focus will result in pressure on market share ? Red Bull’s sales in 2012 remained dominated by the US market. In most of its major markets the company has managed to retain its number one position in volume terms despite strong competition from newer entrants. The US is an exception where Monster owing to the strength of its alliance with TCCC combined with an aggressive marketing campaign has managed to topple Red Bull from first place. ? In value terms however, the company’s premium positioning has meant its ranking has remained more secure. As the dynamics of forecast demand shift to emerging markets, where consumers remain more price sensitive, this premium focus will result in growing pressure on Red Bull’s market share. TCCC and PepsiCo have emerged as the company’s strongest competition whether indirectly through distribution agreements such as TCCC/ Monster and PepsiCo/Rockstar and through their own directly owned brands such as Burn and Sting, respectively  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 27 BRAND STRATEGY High octane sports drive home Red Bull message ? Event and sports sponsorship have been key elements for Red Bull’s marketing strategy for many years. Red Bull’s eponymous brand has achieved remarkable global success and 30-40% of its sales are re-invested back in marketing and promotional activity. Red Bull’s strategy has historically been a 3-pronged approach incorporating buzz marketing, sponsorship and TV advertising. Buzz marketing, including handing out free samples at campuses and events where under 30s gather, is often used as a way of initially raising consumer awareness when entering new markets. ? In 2012, the company took its marketing literally to an entirely new level with the Stratos campaign which featured Felix Baumgartner in a record- breaking 128,000 feet jump from the earth’s stratosphere, making him the first man to break the speed of sound while in freefall. The event was streamed live on line with viewers able to log in to post comments via Twitter and Facebook. Motorsports is another key focus for the company with its own very successful F1 racing team.  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 28 BRAND STRATEGY Red Bull tries to stay true to its roots ? In a bid to stave off competition from rival brands, Red Bull launched the Red Bull Edition range in 2013 in select city markets in the US. The launch will likely be followed by a nationwide roll-out later in the year. Despite pressure from other energy drinks brands many of which have launched additional flavours Red Bull has stayed loyal to its original formulation and packaging. ? The launch of cranberry, blueberry and lime Red Bull variants is a major direction change for the brand, being its first major launch over the review period. In order to differentiate between Red Bull Edition and the original Red Bull the new cans received a facelift with the addition of new colours and a new bull design. ? Red Bull has not as aggressively as other brands launched into new packaging formats, remaining almost exclusively with slimline metal cans. It has however in some mature markets such as the UK launched into 1-litre PET bottles. This reluctance is in part due to the company’s strategy of retaining its premium positioning.  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 29 STRATEGIC EVALUATION COMPETITIVE POSITIONING MARKET ASSESSMENT CATEGORY AND GEOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITIES BRAND STRATEGY OPERATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS OPERATIONS Expanded corporate operations Red Bull GmbH Red Bull Soft Drinks Other Businesses Red Bull Energy Drinks Motor Racing, Media, MVNO, Fashion Online Retailing Red Bull Simply Cola, Carpe Diem.  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 31 OPERATIONS Red Bull looks to diversification ? Red Bull is diversifying into other businesses, rather than limiting itself to energy drinks. In recent years, it has been branching out and became a media company in its own right. The participation in sports sponsorships and events connects the company with a global brand that has passion and excitement associated with it. The company is also present in RTD tea and bottled water with the Carpe Diem brand which it launched to target the health and wellness trend in soft drinks. Carpe Diem Kombucha is a premium RTD tea sold in Western Europe. The brand is also in bottled water in Switzerland and Austria using plant extracts and slight carbonation to offer a healthy alternative to carbonates. ? The company owns two Formula One teams (Red Bull Racing, Scuderia Toro Rosso), a NASCAR racing team as well as several football teams in Brazil, the US and Germany. ? In South Africa, the company is partnering with Cell C to offer voice and broadband services as a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO), ie a company that provides a mobile phone service but does not have its own licensed frequency. Red Bull Mobile will be the second MVNO in the country, after Virgin Mobile. ? It also sponsors many events from cliff diving to air races and subscribing to Red Bull Mobile is a way for people who like the brand to access further benefits when they attend these events. These kinds of partnerships between operators and consumer brands are common in Europe. In Germany, for example, one operator, E-Plus, has 19 such partnerships. It is a way for these brands to get closer to their target group. ? The Group also includes Austrian TV station ServusTV, lifestyle and fashion magazines and a construction company called Bull Bau. ? Red Bull had 8,966 employees in 165 countries as of 2012. The company, which is not listed, traditionally finances its investments from its cash flow.  © Euromonitor International SOFT DRINKS: RED BULL GMBH PASSPORT 32 OPERATIONS Red Bull expands production outside Austria for first time ? Red Bull received approval from the B\razilian government to build its first production facility in the country in early 2010. The companys initial investment in the pr.

Comparing Sexuality and Power in Dracula and Buffy the Vampire Slayer E

Comparing Sexuality and Power in Dracula and Buffy the Vampire Slayer    At first glance, Joss Whedon's "Buffy the Vampire Slayer," the hour-long TV series which premiered in 1997 and is now in its third season, bears little resemblance to the book which started the vampire craze -- Bram Stoker's Dracula, published a century earlier. And yet, looks can be deceiving. Although the trendy -- and often skimpy -- clothing and bandied about pop-culture references of "Buffy" clearly mark the series as a product of a far different culture than that of the Victorian England of Dracula, the underlying tensions of the two texts are far similar than one might think. Beneath the surface differences in the treatment of their heroines, the two texts converge in similarly problematic anxieties about gender and sexuality. Unlike other latter-day adaptations of the vampire legend -- such as films like The Hunger and Anne Rice's Interview with a Vampire novels -- which actively shatter accepted tenets of vampirism, such as the danger of sunlight or crosses to vampires, "Buffy" relies heavily on the guidelines for vampirism established by Stoker in his novel. In "Buffy," as in Dracula, vampires can be killed by direct sunlight and harmed by holy water and crucifixes (Golden 125). When, for instance, Buffy's crucifix necklace touches her vampire boyfriend Angel's chest, it leaves a burn-mark similar to that left on vampire-defiled Mina Harker's forehead by application of a Holy Wafer in Dracula ("Angel;" Stoker 302). And unlike the sympathetic portrayals of vampires advanced in Rice's novels and in the 1960s soap opera "Dark Shadows," the vampires shown are not good or even human. They are, in the words of Buffy's Watcher Giles "demon at the c... ...sitive depiction of their sexual relationship. For Mina, however, renunciation of Dracula's evil must include the renunciation of her own physical needs and desires. The roles played by social mores and conceptions of gender and sexuality are, in the end, more than incidental. Indeed, the difference between Victorian England and 1990s America causes the subtle -- but significant -- valuation of the connections between good and evil and women and sexuality in two in many ways similar texts. Works Cited Golden, Christopher and Nancy Holder. The Watcher's Guide. New York: Pocket Books, 1998. Leatherdale, Clive. Dracula: The Novel and the Legend. East Sussex, England: Desert Island Books, 1985. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. New York: Signet, 1992. Whedon, Joss, creator and executive producer. "Buffy the Vampire Slayer." Twentieth Century Fox Television, 1997.

English Beowulf Essay

Beowulf will be missed for his courageous actions, compassion towards his people and his strong will to fight. He was loved by his people and all people that he helped. Beowulf was a strong warrior that would never back down from a challenge. If he saw trouble, no matter what country, he would do go to the country to defeat their monster. He has fought and won battles against many monsters. He also cared about people from other countries. He went to Denmark to save Hrothgar and his people from the monster Grendel. He did not do this for the money that he would receive after he did it for glory and to bring peace to Denmark. He cared about his people and his comrades, and would never back down from a fight. He always wanted fame and he received it up until his death. Everyone thought very highly of him. He always said that if anything were to happen to him he would want his belongings to go to his people and his king. He did not show this pleasant side of him to his enemies. To his enemies he was a ruthless killer who could not be defeated. To his people, he was a loving king. In his prime, it did not matter what was put up against him, he would defeat the enemy. He did not particularly care for his riches but for his glory and for his people. He was always helping people and doing his best to win a fight. He fought up until the very end, freeing the Geats of the fire breathing dragon. He was very old, but still on his own, went out to save his country and defeat the dragon. He did defeat the dragon along with our king Wiglaf. He rest forever with the treasures that he won in his final conquest. I have been assigned to write an English poetry coursework, I was given a range of two poems to choose to analyse. The two poems I was given to choose to analyse are the following:  Firstly, â€Å"I am not that Woman†, which is written by the Asian poet Kishwar Naheed, the poem was translated in to English from Urdu.  And secondly  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Once upon a Time†, this is written by Gabrael Okara.  I have chosen to analyse the essay on the poem â€Å"I am not that Woman.  Kishwar Naheed was born in Bulandshahr, which is situated in India, in 1940. She is one of the best-known feminist poets of Pakistan, even at this present moment, her mother tongue was Urdu so many of the poems were originally written in Urdu. It also says that she has written ten collections of poetry, one of them poems is written on the state of women in the early days.  The poet experiences the situation that the women in the past had no rights and were tortured, in other words women were discriminated. The poet has a purpose of the poem, the theme of the poem is to convey the message that Asian women are not that type of women who were unable to do things, for example, money weren’t given to women to spend on either necessities or anything, they were also locked up in rooms and simply saying that their lives were just ruined. The feeling of the poet are at first distress that it makes a female reader feel extremely emotional about the fact that she has the ability of writing such words in front of the world asking for freedom. The poem has five stanzas, every line of the stanza is explained below.  At the beginning of each stanza, Kishwar writes that I am not that woman, the whole purpose of this to emphasise the importance of women rights. She says ‘selling you socks and shoes’, the meaning to say this is that she is not them woman who get extremely less money for work. After writing this she says, ‘remember I am the one you hid in your walls of stone’, the words which come out of her mouth are not true but she is explaining the sentence by using metaphors, she conveys the message that she was restricted to go out, it is a jail and nobody could come out to do work or even shopping. Kishwar says that ‘while you roamed’, the women could not step out of their houses to even meet their friends, it was like depressing inside the jail for them and the men had soft times to have a laugh, repenting was not in the men’s lives and did feel ashamed of doing such acts as beating, swearing and how cruel they were. Moving on to the next line which talks about freedom of men the poet says ‘free as the breeze, not knowing that my voice cannot be smothered by stones’, the meaning of this is that if she was to shout at someone outside to escape from the trap, it is not like this that her power of speech was controlled.

Vitamin C

Research Question: How the amount of vitamin C in fruit juices affects its freshness and till what extent is the information provided on the pack by manufacturers is reliable? Background Information: Hypothesis: -fresh juices have more vitamin C than long-life juice that is ‘not from concentrate’ is best in terms of vitamin content -if heat destroys vitamin C then heat-treated long-life juices will have lower concentrations -if heat destroys vitamin C then boiled fruit juice will have lower concentrations than unboiled -manufacturers generally provide reliable information about their products -the amount of vitamin C content in given fruits is: So the amount of vitamin C and its percentage in fruit juice must go with the given ratio which means that guava and apple juice should have the highest and lowest concentration respectively. Variables: Independent: {text:list-item} Dependent: {text:list-item} Controlled: Materials Required: 6 test tubes, 50 cm3 burette, 10cm3 pipette, 1cm3 pipette, 3 small beakers, DCPIP solution, 0. 1% ascorbic acid, distilled water, 4 varieties of fruit juice, for example mango, grape, apple, guava etc. Preparation Take a properly washed beaker and make 0. 1% solution of vitamin C or ascorbic acid with 0. 1 g of vitamin C in 100 cm3; this is 10 mg cm-3 or one may also use a readily prepared 0. 1%ascorbic acid. Take a 0. 1% solution of DCPIP. Take 6 test tubes and label them as A, B, C, D, E and F. Now slowly pipette out 1cm3 of DCPIP solution into each test tube using a 1 cm3 pipette. Take 5cm3 of the 0. 1%ascorbic acid using a 10cm3 pipette. Using a graduated pipette or a burette, add 0. 1% ascorbic acid drop by drop to the DCPIP solution. Shake the tube gently after adding each drop. Add the acid solution until the blue colour of the final drop does not disappear. Record the exact amount of ascorbic acid that was added. Similarly in test tube B add the same volume of distilled water and gently shake the test tube to observe the change in colour. Investigation Dilute all the juices, that is, mango juice in C, grape juice in D, apple juice in E and guava juice in F before testing because fruit juices have a strong colour that will interfere with determining the end point. Now keep adding mango juice drop by drop with the help of a 50 cm3 burette in test tube C containing DCPIP solution and gently shake the test tube until the DCPIP solution is decolourised. Repeat the same for other 3 fruit juices, that is, grape, apple and guava. Uncertainties and errors Uncertainty or error while preparing ascorbic acid = Uncertainty of solid vitamin C + uncertainty of water = 0. 01+ 0. 1 = 0. 101 Uncertainty while making the mixture of DCPIP and vitamin C = uncertainty of DCPIP(1cm3 pipette) + uncertainty of ascorbic acid (10cm3 pipette) = 0. 01 + 0. 101 = 0. 111 Uncertainty while making the mixture of DCPIP and fruit juices = Uncertainty of DCPIP(pipette) + uncertainty of fruit juices(burette) = 0. 01 + 0. 1 = 0. 11 Data Volume of ascorbic acid added to decolourise DCPIP = 2. 25(+ 0. 1) cm3 Table 1 Calculating concentration of ascorbic acid Data processing Concentration of ascorbic acid in fruit juice (%) = Volume of ascorbic acid added to DCPIP x 0. Volume of fruit juice added to DCPIP Uncertainty = uncertainty in the volume of ascorbic acid + uncertainty in the volume of fruit juice = 0. 111 + 0. 11 = 0. 221 Concentration of ascorbic acid in mango juice = 2. 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 02% 11 Concentration of ascorbic acid in grape juice = 2. 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 01% 16 Concentration of ascorbic acid in apple juice = 2. 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 006% 36 Concentration of ascorbic acid in guava juice = 2. 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 04% 5 Table 2 comparing the experimental value with the given value on the pack Vitamin C An experiment to investigate the enzyme concentration and rate of reaction Background To carry out our experiment we used 3 different types of orange juices, and we also used 0. 1% of vitamin C solution. The aim of our experiment was to see how much DCPIP was needed to be added to make the orange juices turn back to the orange colour and the DCPIP to decolourise once the 0. 1% of vitamin C was added. DCPIP is a blue dye in its non-reduced form; it becomes colourless when it gains electrons.Vitamin C is an anti – oxidant, this is found mainly in fresh fruit and vegetables. The main use of Vitamin C is that it neutralises free radicals, which can cause damage to cells, including cells in the cardiovascular system Planning My aim in this experiment is to investigate how much juice is required to decolourise 1cm3 of 0. 1%of DCPIP solution. Prediction Before I started the investigation I made sure I did a hypothesis so that I would be able to refer back to it in the conclusion at t he end.Below is my hypothesis: My hypothesis is that: ‘there will be less’ Don Simon’ juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP, the other juices will require more juice to decolourise the DCPIP’ Fair Test I will have to make sure that I will be carrying out a fair test. This is to ensure that anything affecting the amount needed to decolourise the DCPIP is due to what I have changed (independent variable) and nothing else. Below I have listed the independent variables as well as those factors which should be kept the same. Independent Variable: * The Juices * Amount of Juice added to the DCPIPDependent Variable: * The amount of DCPIP put in the test tube * 1% of DCPIP * 0. 1% of vitamin C solution Fixed Variables: * The volume of DCPIP poured into the test tube * Keeping a fixed volume of the DCPIP ensures that the decolourisation of the DCPIP is only because of the amount of juice added and not the different amount of DCPIP that is present * Concentration of DCPIP solution * Different concentrations can affect how long it takes to decolourise, therefore it is important that there is nothing else making it less concentrated. * Concentration of Vitamin C solution The concentration of this can affect how much DCPIP is needed to make it colourless The experiment should also be repeated a number of time from which an average will be calculated. This is to ensure that the results are accurate and reliable. The method The method we used to carry out this experiment and the equipment we used is shown below; I also included any faults with the method when we carried out the experiment this is all shown below: Equipment and chemicals needed: * 1% of DCPIP solution * 0. 1% vitamin C solution * A range of fruit juices * Test tubes * Test tube rack Syringe STAGE| PROCEDURE| PURPOSE| ANY FAULTS/LIMITATIONS? | 1| Pipette 1cm3 of 1% DCPIP solution into the test tubes| Provide a clear sight into the experiment at hand. Therefore it makes it easier to e stablish the decolourisation of the DCPIP. | N/A| 2| Using a pipette or burette, add 0. 1% vitamin C solution drop by drop to the DCPIP solution. After adding the drops shake the tube gently | Allows the solution to react with the vitamin C. And therefore resulting in more accurate results| Using a burette would have been more accurate. Also doing the experiment on a bigger cale would also allow any room for accuracy for the results collected| 3| Continue to add drops of the vitamin C solution until the blue colour of the DCPIP has disappeared. | Measure how much vitamin C solution was needed to decolourise the DCPIP| At this point we made sure that the solution was absolutely colourless which was correct, however later we did not do the same thing for the orange juices and therefore we were not able to collect accurate results. | 4| Record the exact amount of the vitamin C solution that was added to decolourise the DCPIP solution.Repeat the procedure and average result| To calculat e how near our value is to the actual value of vitamin C in the other orange juices. | We did not decolourise the DCPIP, when adding the orange juices. As we had done for the vitamin C solution | 5| Repeat this procedure with the fruit juices provided. If only one or two drops of the fruit juices decolourises the DCPIP, dilute the juice and repeat the test. | To obtain an average to measure whether our results match the fact that there is meant to be 100mg of vitamin C in the juices. At this point we would get the result of the vitamin C and one of the juice means and divide them two and times it by a 100 to see how are results are, if it is close to the actual number it will mean it is reliable and accurate, however if it is not near the number it means that it is not very accurate. | Limitation of the apparatus and method Throughout the experiment I felt that there were many things that could have been improved on, so if I were to do the investigation with the modifications, I wou ld get the correct and accurate results.Firstly the syringes that we were using to measure the liquids were not very accurate because, it did not have the lines between the whole numbers, therefore forcing us to guess the amount that was needed. A more precise piece of equipment would be needed instead such as a burette, if this experiment was done on a larger scale this would be more efficient, and accurate. Another limitation with the experiment was that there was not enough DCPIP, thus limiting the amount of repeats being done. If more repeats were done, we would be able to take out the anomalies and be able to acquire a more accurate result.Therefore, decreasing the range of the range bars. From the graph we can see that the range bars are fairly big, therefore to decrease this we would have to do more repeats which would decrease the range of the range bars The most difficult part of the experiment was detecting the change in colour of the DCPIP solution while performing the ti tration. Two of the juices showed clear disappearance of the colour, while the others had the tint of yellow due to some other compounds of colours present. The date of manufacture may be different which may change the nutrient content or concentration in different juices.There were many limitations to the method as well, the main limitation was the fact that the method was not well explained; we added too much vitamin C to the DCPIP, making the DCPIP absolutely colourless. However we should have stopped adding the DCPI when the DCPIP had stopped turning blue. This would have given us a result of around 0. 8 but from the results we can see that the results went up till 2. 4. A modification that could be made to this method, is to include more detail of how to do it, and what it should look like, this would increase the likelihood of the results to be more accurate. ResultsBelow is the results collected by are class. Trends & Patterns From the results table we can see that the values of the 0. 1% vitamin C solution had a large range of results. Therefore this emphasises that the results were not very accurate. For this part of the experiment we had to decolourise the DCPIP in the test tube by adding the vitamin C to it. This in itself was not very accurate, because people’s perception of colourless was different to others. Therefore, it is evident that, from the first step many people’s results were different for the other orange juices, the range of the results were within 0. cm3. The overall mean show us that there was a lot of Asda concentrated orange juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP. This shows that the amount of vitamin C in that volume of the juice was the same amount of what was in the 1. 35mg of the Don Simon orange juice. After collecting all the results and finding the means of all juices, I was able to construct a bar graph. A bar graph was drawn as the variable along the x axis could not expressed in the term of numbers, therefore a line graph was not suitable for this which left us with either drawing a histogram or a bar graph.Personally I chose the bar graph as it was easier to construct and also easier to understand. I also included range bars to show the highest and the lowest values that we had got from the repeats that were done, this also shows that the value that was plotted using the bar, is the average of the range of values for the one liquid. From the graph we can evaluate that the mean concentration of vitamin C/mg cm-3 was ‘Asda from concentrated’ juice, the next juice that was after that was the ‘Asda pure’ juice, lastly leaving the ‘Don Simon’ juice at the end.This means that the Vitamin C present in the 1. 35mg is the same in the other juices for example, it has the same amount of Vitamin C in the Asda Pure juice which has 1. 48mg required to decolourise the DCPIP My hypothesis, ‘there will be less ‘Don Simon’ juice needed to decolou rise the DCPIP, and that the other juices will require more juice to decolourise the DCPIP’ was correct. I predicted this as ‘Don Simon’ juices was seen as a better quality juice than the others, therefore I thought that a better quality juice would have more vitamin C in a small volume.Other juices will have the same amount of vitamin C in a larger volume of juice. Systematic/Random errors In our experiment there were a number of errors caused, for example in the methodology, we had made the colours of juices different to the vitamin C. This was one of the biggest mistakes in the experiment as it affected the whole experiment. If we were to make the juices more clear, when it was being added to the DCPIP, then we may have got more accurate results. As this is what we did, when we were adding the Vitamin C solution to the DCPIP.A systematic error is a problem that you can't overcome because it's a problem with the experiment itself. For instance, if you're measur ing a colour change in a reaction, you have to rely on your eyes, there's a systematic error there because your eyes are not as accurate as a machine. A systematic error that was made was the fact when we were trying to make the DCPIP colourless, people’s perception of colourless was different, and therefore the results that had been acquired by the rest of the class were different. This is one of the reasons there was a big range of results for the decolourisation of the DCPIP.Another possible error in this experiment that could be made is the fact that the person may have read the volume at the wrong place each time. Random errors in experimental measurements are caused by unknown and unpredictable changes in the experiment. These changes may occur in the measuring instruments or in the environmental conditions. A random error made was the fact that the syringes were not the same. In the way that they were measured differently, sometimes they were not big enough to carry th e amount of orange juice we needed to decolourise.An effective and more accurate equipment we could have used is a burette, as it can hold up to 40cm3 of liquid, and therefore we would have more than enough space to read the reading and to use the juice at once. Another random error that could have been made is that the vitamin C may have not been added by less than a drop a time, so sometimes the next drop may be too little or too big, which may change the colour of the solution more quicker therefore the volume will not be very accurate.Lastly the end point may be misjudged, as it is quite tricky to say exactly when the DCPIP has become colourless. In conclusion, there were many small mistakes made during the experiment, if I was to do this experiment again, I would make sure that I was to do all the repeats myself, so the mistake about people’s perception of what was decolourised would not affect the results. Also the fact that there would be enough equipment would mean th at I would also get the results I need, and that there can be a different piece of equipment used for each of the different experiments. Interpretation of resultsOverall the quality of my data is shown to be fairly accurate as most of the results I got were fairly close, in our class for the juices, however for the vitamin C; the results were not so accurate. This emphasises that there were a number of mistakes which could have caused this problem. There are many factors which affect the result such as, the temperature, pressure, and the equipment used etc. in the investigation I think the main mistake that was made was that we did not stop adding the Vitamin C solution to the DCPIP when it stopped going blue, therefore the value should have been at around 0. instead of the class average which was about 1. 7. We overestimated the amount of Vitamin C that should have been added into the solution of DCPIP. However if we had decided to do this we should have added more orange juice to the DCPIP. Therefore to see whether we had accurate results we did a calculation to see the ratio of vitamin C in the actual Juices on the carton to the results of our experiment. The calculation was found by doing the following: Volume of 0. % vitamin C solution required to decolourise 1cm3 of DCPIP cm3Mean volume of juice required to decolourise 1cm3 of DCPIP cm3X 100 Therefore as we know the volume of standard vitamin C solution needed to decolourise a fixed volume of DCPIP, by using simple proportion, we can calculate the amount of vitamin C in the three different types of orange squash. 0. 1% vitamin C solution: In 1. 70cm3 should be 1. 70mg of 0. 1% vitamin C solution * 1cm3 1mg * 1. 70cm3 1. 70mg Don Simon: In 1. 36cm3 should be 1. 70mg of 0. 1% vitamin C solution * 1. 70mg 1. 36cm3 * 100ml 125. 0mg Asda from Concentrated: In 1. 85cm3 should be 1. 0mg of 0. 1%vitamin C solution * 1. 70mg 1. 85cm3 * 100ml91. 9mg Asda Pure: In 1. 48cm3 should be 1. 70mg of 0. 1% vitamin C solut ion * 1. 70mg1. 48cm3 * 100ml 114. 9mg 0. 1% vitamin C solution: In 1. 70cm3 should be 1. 70mg of 0. 1% vitamin C solution * 1cm3 1mg * 1. 70cm3 1. 70mg Don Simon: In 1. 36cm3 should be 1. 70mg of 0. 1% vitamin C solution * 1. 70mg 1. 36cm3 * 100ml 125. 0mg Asda from Concentrated: In 1. 85cm3 should be 1. 70mg of 0. 1%vitamin C solution * 1. 70mg 1. 85cm3 * 100ml91. 9mg Asda Pure: In 1. 48cm3 should be 1. 70mg of 0. 1% vitamin C solution * 1. 70mg1. 48cm3 * 100ml 114. mg To find whether our results were accurate, I found out how much vitamin C was present in each of the solutions, this is shown in the box below: From the calculations above, we can see that the results collected from the class were not very accurate. This is shown through the fact that it says that in the Asda Pure juices of 100ml there should be 114. 9mg of vitamin C when there should be 100mg of vitamin C in a 100ml of the juice. Conclusion & Evaluation My prediction, ‘there will be less’ Don Simonâ₠¬â„¢ juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP, the other juices will require more juice to decolourise the DCPIP’ was correct.This is because; the smaller volume of fruit juice needed to decolourise the blue DCPIP solution, the higher is the Vitamin C content in the fruit. It is also shown on the graph, as there is less volume of Don Simon Orange juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP. This means that in 1. 35cm3 of Don Simon, there is the same amount of Vitamin C in 1. 48cm3 of the Asda Pure orange juice, and in 1. 85cm3 of the Asda from concentrated orange juice. The smaller volume of orange juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution means that the DCPIP solution is reduced at a faster rate.Within my results, I did find quite a number of anomalies. However there were other numbers within the range of the anomaly such as in the 0. 1% vitamin C solution had the highest value of being 2. 4 cm3, which at first I had thought to be an anomaly, however 2. 1 cm3 was also another re sult that had been collected. However if we took out the 2 repeats, there was also another repeat of 2cm3. Therefore in the end I left the results in the results table. 0. 8cm3 was also another repeat I had though was an anomaly; however there were also other results that were near 0. 8 cm3 such as 1. cm3. Therefore I did not record these results as anomalies. The main reason for the high range was because of the fact that people had different perceptions of when the solution was to go colourless. In the rest of the results there were not any anomalies recorded as they were in the range of each other. If I was to do this investigation again I would make sure that the instructions were read clearly and also do the experiment on a larger scale, so instead of adding 5 cm3 of the DCPIP I would add 20 cm3 and therefore use a burette to add in the different types of orange juices.This would make it more accurate, as the reading would be able to be made more precisely. Another thing I woul d do better next time is to do more repeats, even though there were a lot of repeats for my results, the results were not done by the same person and therefore the perception of the colour would be different to each person, and therefore if I was to do all the repeats myself I would be able not to take the risk of getting a wide range of results. Also I would make sure that there was enough DCPIP for my experiments as I know in my experiment there was not enough DCPIP for some people to do another repeat.The most repeats a group was able to do were 2. Another factor I would change if I were to do the investigation again is that I would use other brands of orange juices as well to widen the results I was going to get. In conclusion, the investigation has stated that there will be less’ Don Simon’ juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP, the other juices will require more juice to decolourise the DCPIP. This is shown on the bar graph with the mean volume of the different t ypes of juices needed to decolourise the DCPIP against the different types of juices.There is also range bars included to inform the highest and lowest values obtained from the repeats. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Edexcel AS Biology Revision Guide for SNAB and concept-led approaches -EDEXCEL, Published: 2008 [ 2 ]. Edexcel AS Biology Revision Guide for SNAB and concept-led approaches – EDEXCEL [ 3 ]. AS-level Biology-Exam Board: Edexcel-complete revision & practice, Published: by CGP in 2008 [ 4 ]. Edexcel AS Biology Revision Guide for SNAB and concept-led approaches -EDEXCEL Vitamin C Research Question: How the amount of vitamin C in fruit juices affects its freshness and till what extent is the information provided on the pack by manufacturers is reliable? Background Information: Hypothesis: -fresh juices have more vitamin C than long-life juice that is ‘not from concentrate’ is best in terms of vitamin content -if heat destroys vitamin C then heat-treated long-life juices will have lower concentrations -if heat destroys vitamin C then boiled fruit juice will have lower concentrations than unboiled -manufacturers generally provide reliable information about their products -the amount of vitamin C content in given fruits is: So the amount of vitamin C and its percentage in fruit juice must go with the given ratio which means that guava and apple juice should have the highest and lowest concentration respectively. Variables: Independent: {text:list-item} Dependent: {text:list-item} Controlled: Materials Required: 6 test tubes, 50 cm3 burette, 10cm3 pipette, 1cm3 pipette, 3 small beakers, DCPIP solution, 0. 1% ascorbic acid, distilled water, 4 varieties of fruit juice, for example mango, grape, apple, guava etc. Preparation Take a properly washed beaker and make 0. 1% solution of vitamin C or ascorbic acid with 0. 1 g of vitamin C in 100 cm3; this is 10 mg cm-3 or one may also use a readily prepared 0. 1%ascorbic acid. Take a 0. 1% solution of DCPIP. Take 6 test tubes and label them as A, B, C, D, E and F. Now slowly pipette out 1cm3 of DCPIP solution into each test tube using a 1 cm3 pipette. Take 5cm3 of the 0. 1%ascorbic acid using a 10cm3 pipette. Using a graduated pipette or a burette, add 0. 1% ascorbic acid drop by drop to the DCPIP solution. Shake the tube gently after adding each drop. Add the acid solution until the blue colour of the final drop does not disappear. Record the exact amount of ascorbic acid that was added. Similarly in test tube B add the same volume of distilled water and gently shake the test tube to observe the change in colour. Investigation Dilute all the juices, that is, mango juice in C, grape juice in D, apple juice in E and guava juice in F before testing because fruit juices have a strong colour that will interfere with determining the end point. Now keep adding mango juice drop by drop with the help of a 50 cm3 burette in test tube C containing DCPIP solution and gently shake the test tube until the DCPIP solution is decolourised. Repeat the same for other 3 fruit juices, that is, grape, apple and guava. Uncertainties and errors Uncertainty or error while preparing ascorbic acid = Uncertainty of solid vitamin C + uncertainty of water = 0. 01+ 0. 1 = 0. 101 Uncertainty while making the mixture of DCPIP and vitamin C = uncertainty of DCPIP(1cm3 pipette) + uncertainty of ascorbic acid (10cm3 pipette) = 0. 01 + 0. 101 = 0. 111 Uncertainty while making the mixture of DCPIP and fruit juices = Uncertainty of DCPIP(pipette) + uncertainty of fruit juices(burette) = 0. 01 + 0. 1 = 0. 11 Data Volume of ascorbic acid added to decolourise DCPIP = 2. 25(+ 0. 1) cm3 Table 1 Calculating concentration of ascorbic acid Data processing Concentration of ascorbic acid in fruit juice (%) = Volume of ascorbic acid added to DCPIP x 0. Volume of fruit juice added to DCPIP Uncertainty = uncertainty in the volume of ascorbic acid + uncertainty in the volume of fruit juice = 0. 111 + 0. 11 = 0. 221 Concentration of ascorbic acid in mango juice = 2. 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 02% 11 Concentration of ascorbic acid in grape juice = 2. 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 01% 16 Concentration of ascorbic acid in apple juice = 2. 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 006% 36 Concentration of ascorbic acid in guava juice = 2. 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 04% 5 Table 2 comparing the experimental value with the given value on the pack

Pre-Bid Joint Venture Agreement Essay Example

Pre Pre-Bid Joint Venture Agreement Essay Pre-Bid Joint Venture Agreement Essay PRE-BIDDING JOINT VENTURE AGREEMENTbetweenCompany AandCompany Bin respect ofCONSTRUCTION PROJECTTHE PRE-BIDDING JOINT VENTURE AGREEMENTThis Pre Bidding Joint Venture Agreement (â€Å"The Agreement†) entered into as of this _________ day of ________________, 20___ (being the actual date on which the Agreement will be signed) by and between: (A) Company A with their office at ___________ (hereinafter called â€Å"Party A†) of the one part(B) Company B with their office at _________________ (together with its successors and assignees hereinafter called â€Å"Party B†), of the other part Both parties shall be jointly referred to as the â€Å"Parties†.WITNESSETH:Whereas the parties hereto desire to submit a joint bid to _____________(hereinafter referred to as the Owner), for the construction of ________________(herein called the Work).WHEREAS, the parties each hereby certify and represent to each other their ability to provide their respective share of bonding capacity, finances, personnel, equipment and supervision to complete the work in the event they are the successful bidder and to sustain and pay for any losses that may be incurred;NOW THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows:1. They will jointly prepare a bid to be submitted to the Owner for a contract for the Work.2. The bid shall be submitted in the names of the undersigned as joint venturers and should a contract for said Work be obtained as a result of such bid, such contract shall be taken in the names of the undersigned, as joint venturers, or in such other name as may be agreed upon by the undersigned with the consent and approval of the Owner.3. Each and every obligation created by any such bid or contract shall be the joint and several obligation of the undersigned.4. The interest of the undersigned in any such contract, if obtained, and in the Work shall be

Barriers to Effective Communication Essay Example for Free (#3)

Barriers to Effective Communication Essay Most important amongst the ever-recurring and constant troubles in the field of police administration is that concerned with creating and sustaining a successful method of communication. Communication is the most important medium for concerning agreement between all the personnel of a department as to the police goals. It is the foundation for a regular and ongoing understanding of problems and accomplishments practiced on a continuing basis to reach their final objectives. The process of successful communications in a department starts with the leadership establishing clear guidelines how its personnel should interact with each other, whether it is by memo, emails, forms, daily briefings or training. Leadership in any organization must identify and mandate the objectives of the organization. Pfiffner (1951) stated â€Å"In all management situations, communication consists of organizational relationships and mechanics on the one hand, and the human factor on the other, in actuality both existing together. † Communication is the method of transmitting cues, mostly written and oral, in order to adjust human behavior. The communication process works in three steps, initiate, transmit, and impact. In a police department, initiate and transmit could be where the desk sergeant, issues the daily tasking that he receives from his leadership to his patrol officers beginning a shift. Impact takes place when the officers going out on patrol implement the tasking given and could be discussing the tasking amongst each other as well to gain feedback. Hearing is a passive occurrence that requires no effort. Listening, on the other hand, is a conscious choice that demands your attention and concentration† (Livestrong, 2001). The differences between hearing and listening is that when someone is speaking and you are hearing when you just hear the words coming out, not really paying attention to all of what is said. When listening, you are collecting thought on what is being said, but if you think you already know what the person is talking about, a person could just disregard the words that were just passed. There are generally four basic levels of hearing and listening, according to Toast Masters. org. You can easily fall into one or these more categories in different conversations. A non-listener is totally preoccupied with his personal thoughts and though he hears words, he doesn’t listen to what is being said. Passive listeners hear the words but don’t fully absorb or understand them. Listeners pay attention to the speaker, but grasp only some of the intended message. Active listeners are completely focused on the speaker and understand the meaning of the words without distortion† (Livestrong, 2011). Communications are vital in law enforcement. Police personnel have to comprehend the importance of tone of voice, pitch, and variation, the variances of hearing and listening. Facial expressions, body movements and posture are also significant for effective communications. Cultural and ethnic dynamics are essential factors of a police officer’s communication skills. The formal and informal channels of communication in criminal justice organizations are two distinct processes. Formal relations, occupation explanations, duties and processes are found in formal communication channels. These channels match the formal chains of command, and accountability recognized in organizational charts, standard operating procedures, and policy manuals. For many police departments and organizations, formal communication channels are the primary standard and rarely differentiate. Informal channels are considered a â€Å"grapevine or rumor mill† type construct. Police officers discussing an incident in the locker room can be considered informal, and if the district attorney and a defense lawyer are chatting about a case at lunch or a washroom are prime examples for informal channels of communications. In an informal channel of communication, the original words that were spoken could be altered, invalid, and misconstrued so much in a department, that the information can provide inefficiency in any organization. â€Å"Barriers to communication often arise when one party is concerned about personal or professional status. The four basic categories, or types, of obstacles to effective communication are as follows: (1) emotional barriers, (2) physical barriers, (3) semantic barriers, and (4) ineffective listening. Each of these barriers can cause either the sender or the receiver to fail to communicate effectively† (Wallace and Roberson, 2009). Emotional barriers can exist in the receiver or the sender. Individuals base their translating of information on respective occurrences and beliefs. If a person believes they will be not taken seriously or made fun of when making a idea, then they will not participate in discussions or send their message. When a police officer has a case of low esteem, it could affect their duties on the street, believing that they might not be able to make a difference, stop certain criminals, and that barrier can cost the lives of innocent people or even peers. Physical barriers are the properties of an atmosphere that can cause communications to be challenging. Examples of physical barriers include equipment that does not work properly, having one officer on patrol instead of a team of two officers patrolling together in a bad neighborhood. Semantic barriers can cause differences between individuals, when one person might say one thing, and another forms an entirely different conclusion to that was said. This form of barrier can exist in a department where communication is very poor from the leadership down to the most junior personnel. Ineffective listening will occur if law enforcement personnel fail to pay attention to what others are communicating. The subject of discussion might bore or be irrelevant to certain persons, or just be to complicate to comprehend, and that transmission will be useless. Effective communication is fundamental in any chain of command. Leadership must be able to communicate its orders and direction to subordinates in a clear, concise manner, and with a positive message, so subordinate’s can perform to the best of their ability and listen to the message that is spoken, instead of just hearing what they want to hear. For an organization to communicate effectively, a person must be able to overcome the barriers that exist, and change one’s thoughts or feelings with another coworker. Taking personal responsibility ensures their workplace operates smoothly, and can rid the barriers that may plaque the organization. Barriers to Effective Communication. (2017, Feb 03).